Importance Of Urban Tourism

Importance Of Urban Tourism Man has been travelling around the length and breadth of the earth with various motives. The reason could be anything business, leisure or education it all falls under a broad categorisation of tourism. The technological developments and transformation of the world into a global community has resulted in extensive growth of tourism around the world in recent years. Tourism has been the prime reason for the enhanced levels of intercultural contact. A look into touristic countries shows that their sociocultural structures have had great influence as a result of tourism. The changes be it positive or negative, differs from country to country. Changes result in reactions which could range from resistance to a complete adoption. This piece of work would look into the social and cultural impacts of tourism with a case study on Bournemouth. Chapter 2: Urban Tourism Tourism plays a very strong part in the citys local economy. Tourism not only supports the economy of a city but also is responsible for socio-culture impact on the people. Where tourism tries to build some employment opportunities, it also affects the social and cultural relations between people from different parts of the world. Travelling to different parts of the world has always been an interest for everybody. This not only gives them an opportunity to explore new place but also a break from the usual day to day life. For some, travelling is for a business issue but for some it is for leisure. This evolved a new concept of tourism as an industry in the market. Though till 1980s tourism was not considered to be a healthy part of the economy. But, in the last few decades, it gained importance. The people realize the potential of this market. Thus, the larger or the smaller cities were looked with a new perspective of promoting tourism. The redevelopment in the cities took place slowly and gradually and they became a part of the wide tourism industry. As Edwards et al.,2008 D. Edwards, T. Griffin and B. Hayllar, Urban tourism research: developing an agenda, Annals of Tourism Research 35 (4) (2008), pp. 1032-1052. Article | PDF (143 K) | View Record in Scopus | Cited By in Scopus (0)Edwards et al. (2008: 1038) state, tourism is one among many social and economic forces in the urban environment. It encompasses an industry that manages and markets a variety of products and experiences to people who have a wide range of motivations, preferences and cultural perspectives and are involved in a dialectic engagement with the host community. The outcome of this engagement is a set of consequences for the tourist, the host community and the industry. (Ashworth Page, 2010) McIntyre et al (2000) argue that humans perceive and react differently to natural versus urban settings. Scenes of natural environments have a more positive influence on human emotional states and stress levels than do urban scenes. Consequently they theorize that perceptions are integral to peoples motivations and actions; therefore using a perceptually based definition of urban can provide a link between the cultural, political, physical, perceptual and economic aspects that must be integrated into urban tourism. (Edwards, Griffin, Hayllar, 2008) Importance of Urban Tourism Urban tourism is cosmopolitan in nature. But still it has received very small attention for its definition and a proper demarcation in the economy. . (Ashworth Page, 2010, p. 40) Because of tourists, various cities get acknowledged for their immense potential of absorbing the people from other parts of the world. . (Ashworth Page, 2010, p. 40) A tourist wants to explore the urban utilities of other places. But, the tourist visiting places have a very small portion of the urban facilities to entertain them with. (Ashworth Page, 2010, p. 40) Urban tourism bears an entirely different geographical pattern from the city in order to attract the tourist and this change in geography is one of the attention seeking factors. (Page Hall, 2003) The primary and secondary elements that are further discussed below support employment and provide jobs. Urbanisation and Globalisation Globally, 46% of the worlds population constitute urban people and it is estimated that by 2030 this percentage will increase to 61. Thus, it is very important for the urban people to understand that their place will be shared by the tourist. The world is getting small with globalization and thus the space needs to share with other people. Though, globalization emphasizes on two main factors: Globalization gives employment opportunities Globalization supports import and export that further increases the income opportunities. Because of globalization, it is now evident that urban tourism and tourists from different part of the world enjoys the leisure experience that is specially built for them. (Page Hall, 2003, pp. 29-30) Urban Tourism as a business Strategy By the 1970s the cities were losing a lot of economy and they were wondering as how to recover the loss and regenerate income from this sector and create some jobs. This was the main reason for inculcating new activities that could increase the regeneration process. Where the cities were witnessing this economic shift, tourism was one sector that was flourishing. This gave them a new approach of income generation. On the grounds of travel and leisure it was concluded that tourism industry was to grow and be a part of the economy. Tourism as an industry was taken optimistically by the urban crowd and was considered as a solution for a big financial crunch. The tourism industry demands investment to attract visitors. Furthermore, marketing and selling of a picture of a city that would love to see and buy. To market the city, it is important to make some changes in the city. The refurbishment of the districts would bring the local residents more compact in the city. The larger cities like London, New York etc. have always been a centre of attraction. People always desire to go for a tourist destination like this. But it is very hard to understand the psychology behind this. Generally, these elements can be broadly classified into two ways: Primary elements like theatres, monuments, historical buildings, sports, games, casinos, and the social and cultural life. Secondary elements like markets, shopping etc. These two elements were discovered by Jansen-Verbeke in 1988 These two elements strike the mind of the visitor. At times, the visitor is only visiting the same place because of one interesting element or a mix of two or more. (Law, 1993, pp. 27-30) Cultural Impact of Urban Tourism Bournemouth witnesses millions of tourist every year from different parts of the world. Because of this high volume of tourist response from different cultures, the culture has a major impact on the local residents. It has both advantages and disadvantages. The major advantage of culture tourism is the exchange of culture with different cultures of the world. It becomes a matter of pride for the local residents to exchange their culture with other people. They feel more strongly bounded to their originality. The locals take cultural tourism in two positive ways: Giving the host the opportunity to come in contact with other different cultures which further results in understanding others and rise in tolerance levels. When the localities present their culture and tell about their culture in their own point of view, they feel more strongly bounded to their ethnic origin and their grounds from where they originally belong to. Culture tourism affects the locals positively as well as in a negative way. Too much of anything is very bad. The same goes for the culture tourism. Just to attract tourist and to expose them to the hosts culture, they try to over develop the city, over construct the primary elements. Also, with this reconstruction, the originality of the culture becomes diluted. (Besculides, Lee, McCormick, 2002) Social impact of urban tourism The rail network started in Bournemouth in the late 19th century. This was the main reason for increasing the population of the city and to increase the visitors at a phenomenal rate. With the travelling network in Bournemouth, the tourism industry started flourishing. Bournemouth was already famous for its primary elements and the history related to the same. Each and every element had a historical moment attached to it. The economy was coming in and was tangible enough to understand that Bournemouth has the potential to attract tourists. But, there was also a hidden side of the same point i.e. the social impacts. Where over development of the city has led to more of construction, heavy duty, increase taxes, etc on the one hand, it has also given them an opportunity to mingle up with other cultures. Where the travelling to the core of the city has become convenient for the countryside residents, it has also given them an employment opportunity in the same. (Haley, Snaith, Miller, 2 005) Socio-Cultural Impact of urban Tourism According to Fox(1977), cited in Mathieson and Wall(1982:133), The social and cultural impacts of tourism are the ways in which tourism is contributing to changes in value systems, individual behaviour, family relationships, collective lifestyles, safety levels, moral conduct, creative expressions, traditional ceremonies and community organisations, which they identify as people impacts, due to tourists on host communities and the interaction between these two groups. (Page Hall, 2003, p. 213) So, from the above definition it is clear that the social cultural impacts of tourism depends on three main factors, namely Tourist that demands for the services from the host city Host that adjusts with the demands of the tourist and tries to leave an impression of their culture on the tourist and A mutual understanding between the two so that both of them are comfortable with each other (Page Hall, 2003, p. 213) Economical impact of Urban tourism For understanding the economical impact of urban tourism, it is very important to consider the following points The flow of tourist in a particular city The local economic development of the city The type of economy that city persists like public, private or mix economy The income spent on tourist leisure activities and not import of goods It is said that tourist flow is seasonal. So, the impact of this and still trying to maintain the constant flow of tourist all year round. The secondary elements that a city dwells to attract the other people from the world. The above mentioned factors play a very important role in understanding the economical impact of urban tourism. To start with, the positive side it includes: Income generation for the city economy New jobs and employment opportunities Fair balance between the economic activities and the city Increasing business options But, it also carries a negative side. It includes, If the tourist attracts to one form of element only, the economy starts paying attention to that element and dependency on that element drastically increases. Inflation To make a tourist comfortable and make their stay pleasurable, they start importing goods from others parts and their dependence and importance of their locally produced goods decreases. Tourism is seasonal (Page Hall, 2003, pp. 197-198) Employment Opportunities due to tourism As the reconstruction always take place in a city, it is very obvious that the jobs are created. However, at a deeper level and in a more detailed way it is often difficult to assess the impact of tourism on a city. Firstly, it is often difficult to measure the flow of tourists, even when a definition has been agreed. Comprehensive surveys are expensive and short cut methods are often unreliable and may, if repeated, come up with conflicting evidence. Secondly, the flow of income through the economy is difficult to trace, and it is difficult to calculate the number of jobs created. Tourisms impact is very diffuse and so not very visible, which is a problem for those campaigning for further support. Thirdly, the objectives of tourism development are also diffused and often interlinked with other objectives, so that it is difficult to isolate the impact. (Law, 1993, p. 169) Chapter 3: Bournemouth a Tourist Destination Bournemouth is one of the classical examples of urban tourism. It exhibits both the primary and the secondary elements that attracts the tourists and compels them to come over and over again. From theatres to shopping to site seeing, Bournemouth is a place to visit. About Bournemouth Area Size 17.83 sq miles (46.15 sq km) 21 Conservation Area designations 7 miles of curved sandy beaches with three European Blue Flags and six Seaside Awards Average of 7.7 hours a day of summer sunshine 842 hectares (2,080 acres) of parks and gardens with nine gardens holding the Green Flag Award (recognising environmental protection, community use and safety cleanliness) Population from Census 2001 is 163,444, the 2008 mid-year estimate is 163,900 and the population is projected to reach almost 168,000 by 2026 68,800 employees in Bournemouth work in the service sector (ABI, NOMIS, 2007) Median gross weekly earnings for 2009 for the Bournemouth residents was  £371.60 representing 93% of the England and Wales figure (ASHE, ONS) Over 14,600 students attended Bournemouth University in 2007/08 (65.4% over 21 years of age) Just over 1,000 overseas students attending Bournemouth University in 2007/08 A total of 38 schools with 20,187 pupils (Schools Census, October 2009) 1,344 (gross) and 1,218 (net) new dwellings constructed 2008/09 Bournemouth Airport: almost 1 million passengers (in 2007/08) to more than 50 destinations including USA, Europe and Channel Islands and over 11,000 tonnes of freight Just over 2.27 million rail passenger journeys in 2003/2004 Just over 57 kilometres of Principal Type roads within the Borough Average house price for February 2010 was  £170,179 (Land Registry) Just over 57 kilometres of Principal Type roads within the Borough 95 minutes rail journey to London Waterloo Fast Ferry from Poole to France (Cherbourg) or Channel Islands Civic Trust Awards (2001): Bournemouth was awarded two awards, for the conversion of The Square from a roundabout to a Civic space and for transforming Knyveton Gardens to a sensory garden for those with disabilities. (www.bournemouth.gov.uk, 2010) Prominent Bournemouth attractions Bournemouth Beach Bournemouths beach has won awards consistently the quality, safety and cleanliness of its seven miles long beach. The beach offers a range water sports and also provides the visitors the option of hiring beach. It is one of the safest beaches with the availability of RNLI lifeguards all along the seven mile stretch of beach. Russell-Cotes Art Gallery Museum Termed as one of the most fascinating and unique museums in the world. It comprises of the famous paintings and gems collected by the Russell-cotes family and housed in one of the last Victorian Villas in Bournemouth, East Cliff Hall. (russell-cotes.bournemouth.gov.uk, 2008) Bournemouth Aviation Museumà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã… ½ The Bournemouth Aviation Museum a perfect day out for the family has exhibits covering 50 years of aviation with a display of Piston aircraft, military jets, a Biz-Jet, military trainer, helicopter and a nose section of the famous Vulcan bomber. (www.aviation-museum.co.uk, 2009) The Red House Museum Gardens Built as a Georgian workhouse in 1764, the building now houses a number of objects reflecting the social and natural history of the area, its geology and archaeology. (www.information-britain.co.uk, 2005) Bournemouth Pier The original pier consisting of a short wooden jetty was opened in the year 1856. But the present day pier has come a long way and is much longer than that. It has its own historical importance and has been refurbished over time due to corrosion and even destruction due to invasions. Since 1871 it has been associated with pleasure steamers. Local boats operate from the pier offering many day trips and excursions. (www.theheritagetrail.co.uk, 2008) Bournemouths parks and countryside Bournemouth has a varied variety of ornamental gardens and countryside many of which have various protective designations. The councils parks and countryside staff manage 10 local natural reserves around the borough. In 2009 Bournemouth achieved nine Green Flags national award for its parks, these parks also offer guided walks giving information some fascinating trees to be found there. (www.bournemouth.gov.uk, 2009) Bournemouth Oceanarium The Oceanarium is a fully interactive experience with touch screen games, feeding demonstrations and talks, plasma screen documentaries, with a walk-through underwater tunnel and exhibits. (bournemouth attractions, 2009) Availability of accommodation in Bournemouth Development of a city as a tourists destination means there will be an influx of visitors and tourists coming to the city, these visitors require a temporary place to stay during their visit. This results in the development of different types of accommodations focussing on different category of tourists. The creation of these accommodations also helps evolve new markets for products like souvenirs and memorabilia. Since it lands up increasing the demand for food and such facilities, working on the demand and supply principle it attracts establishment of more businesses. The positive impact of these developments results in creation of jobs. Bournemouth tourism promotes the establishments of these accommodations either under Bournemouth Quality Standards Scheme or the quality assed either by AA or Quality in tourism. The following table gives an insight into the available accommodations in Bournemouth as in 2004 Type Bedspaces (unless marked otherwise) Hotels 12,836 Guesthouses 4,493 BB 747 Self Catering 402 Units Touring Caravans/Tents 33 PITCHES Second Homes 1,586 (www.bournemouth.gov.uk, 2010) Tourists expenditure associated with their trip Tourists visits in a city means tourists spending in the city. Tourists usually take the opportunity of being away on a break to spend generously on themselves. The tourists spending is generally categorised as On accommodation On shopping On food and drink Attractions and entertainment Travel. The local businesses over a period of time get an understanding of the spending pattern of the visiting tourists and hence try to base their inventories around it. The tourists visiting bournmouth can be categorised into the following 3 categories: UK tourists Overseas tourists Day toursist The following table gives and insight into the breakdown of the tourists expenditure associated with trips to Bournemouth. Accommodation ( £) Shopping ( £) Food Drink ( £) Attractions/ Entertainment ( £) Travel ( £) UK Tourists 47,884,000 14,977,000 28,797,000 12,509,000 23,252,000 Overseas Tourists 20,095,000 20,634,000 11,789,000 11,297,000 5,091,000 Day Visitors 0 51,292,000 59,080,000 14,296,000 19,988,000 Source: South West Tourism using the Cambridge model www.swtourism.org.uk (www.bournemouth.gov.uk, 2010) The above figures clearly show that tourist inflow enhances the citys coffers and makes available the finances that the city would need for growth and development. Brand Bournemouth is being developed by the council keeping in view of its ability to attract more tourists. The different sectors that have been identified as constituent parts of the Bournemouth brand are as follows: Accommodation Conference/business International Education Leisure and attractions Night Time Economy Town Centre Transport This is the most visual positive socio-cultural impact of tourism in Bournemouth. The gift of the Tourism industry in the form of jobs Tourism brings in business is a known fact, these businesses are run by individuals and hence jobs are created. Jobs mean growth of the society as a whole. The transformation of a city into a tourists destination attracts not only tourists but also businesses of all kinds. Jobs that are created can be segregated into the following three general categories: Direct jobs Indirect jobs Induced jobs The creation of these jobs becomes a source of livelihood for the locals. It also attracts workforce from neighbouring towns and cities. This increases the revenues of the connecting transport systems. The depth of integrated revenues is immense and hidden in a very complex matrix. The following table gives the estimated actual number of jobs created related to tourism spending in 2007. Staying Tourists Day Visitors Total Direct Jobs 4,423 2,796 7,219 Indirect Jobs 1,075 489 1,563 Induced Jobs 456 64 520 Total 5,953 3,349 9,302 Source: South West Tourism using the Cambridge Model www.swtourism.org.uk (www.bournemouth.gov.uk, 2010) Holiday types, reasons for visit and activities involvement. Tourists have various reasons to visit Bournemouth. There was a time when tourists were all categorised as travellers, but now times have changed and they can be categorised using various concepts and ideas. One of the ways to categorise them is based them the type of holiday they take. They can be categorised as follows. Main holiday Additional holiday Short break The above categorise are the parameters that decide their length of stay. The following tables give an insight into the tourists that come to Bournemouth based on the above categorisation. It also gives an idea of the reasons why they come and the activities they engage themselves in when they are holidaying in Bournemouth. Statistics for Bournemouth, 2005 Holiday Type Total (%) Main Holiday 33 Additional Holiday 43 Short Break 20 Length of Stay 7.88 nights Average expenditure per person per day  £44.22 Reasons for Visiting Total (%) Shopping 56 Seaside, beaches, coast 86 Peace and quiet 36 Easy to get to 57 Activities Total (%) Coastal Walk 77 Gardens 63 Shopping 72 Wildlife 47 Source: Dorset New Forest Tourism Data Project, The Market Research Group, 2005/06 (www.bournemouth.gov.uk, 2009) The above statistics tell us that the reasons why the tourists come is varied and they also overlap each other, in economic terms that leaves scope for business. Even the activities that they get involved in are varied and hence these statistics can be used to decide the spending of the local governing bodies in developing the tourism according to tourists preferences. Negative socio- cultural impact of tourism in Bournemouth It is evident that urban tourism has a lot of visible benefits for the economy and the locals. Where it promotes exchange of culture, it also supports the local economy of the city. But, there is a negative aspect of urban tourism as well. For example, during the peak season when the tourists influx is at its maximum, the prices of fresh foods and vegetables start rising. It even destroys the peace of the locality. The tourists bring their vices to the city in the form of gambling, late night clubs, prostitution and drinking. Though tourism has a lot of positive impact on the local economy, culture and over all development of the society, the negative impact cannot be ignored. If the negative impact is kept on a regular vigilant check it can be overshadowed by the positives. The development of the urban city of Bournemouth into a tourists destination faces a lot of challenges from such negative impacts. No doubt tourism brings a lot to the city in terms of jobs and development. It has also resulted in the increase of taxes be it residential or business. Some of the negative socio-cultural impact of tourism can be summarised as follows. Prostitution- the development of Bournemouth as a tourists destination has resulted in vices such as prostitution. According to Dorset Police the alarming rate of rise of brothels in Bournemouth has been a real matter of concern for the city. The intelligence works reported the presence of 60 brothels in the city. (www.telegraph.co.uk, 2005) Drug trafficking- the vice of prostitution is known to drag with it the drug culture. Over the years Bournemouth has attracted party goes due to its numerous pubs and clubs along the beach, this has resulted in increase in the number of drug consumers in Bournemouth. These vices are passed on the growing population of Bournemouth, having serious affects on the way of life of their friends and families. Increased levels of noise pollution- the growing number of clubs and pubs result in enhancing the night life experience of the tourists, but also increase the levels of noise pollution, which can be detrimental to the health of the old and senior residents of Bournemouth. Rising house prices- increasing jobs and growing businesses attracts attention from neighbouring cities, resulting in growth in population. This results increasing the demand of residential housing, which could be out of reach for the local population. Rising taxes- Increased businesses results in more government spending in infrastructural development and also towards the tourists interests. This results in the increased levels of taxes by the government, to finance these projects. Traffic jams- increased levels of traffic jams are one of the main cause of the grievance of the locals of Bournemouth, which even the local governments are struggling to solve. Road casualties- due to increase in levels of population and car users the increasing number of road casualties have been worrying the Bournemouth authorities and locals. Loss of individuality due to over marketing of destinations key selling point- The development of Bournemouth as a tourists friendly city has resulted in extensive development. Be it businesses or attractions for the tourists, the concern is that it is losing its ethnic originality and identity. It is losing the unique selling point and is transforming into another beach city, this is a matter of concern that has been voiced by the local authorities. Chapter 4: Conclusion Socio- cultural impact of tourisms cannot be ignored. Tourism is at times used as a reason for the growth and development of the society, the focus of growth is always positive, but the negative side is also prevalent. Man is full of vices, since tourism revolves around mans needs, requirements, perceptions, assumptions and wants, it is very difficult to curtail the negative influence. Bournemouth tourism should focus on development tailored on its specific needs, heritage, history and means with the socio-cultural impacts in sight. This would enable the urban city to have a balanced growth limiting the vices and attracting the healthy tourists which contribute majorly into the growth of the city into positive spheres of development.

Holes by Louis Sacher

Holes by Louis Sacher Theme Fate does play an important role in the lives of many of the characters in the novel Holes. Stanley’s great-great-grandfather was cursed with bad luck by Madame Zeroni because he did not carry her up the mountain as he had promised. The bad luck haunts his relatives for over a hundred years, until the day Stanley Yelnats the third fourth fulfils the promise of his great-great-grandfather by carrying Madame Zeroni's great-grandson up a mountain and sing him Madame Zeroni's lullaby. From this point the Yelnats family’s luck turns. Stanley Yelnats great-grandfather was robbed by Kate Barlow and left stranded in the desert. He had survived alone for seventeen days before he was rescued by some hunters. He claimed to have â€Å"found rescue in god's tumb†. So when Stanley and Zero are stranded in the exact same desert over a hundred years later and spot a mountain with the contour of a thumb, Stanley decides to follow his great-grandfather's example and climb the mountain. On this mountain they find onions and water which gives them strength to survive and continue their adventure. On their adventure, Stanley and Zero develop a solid friendship. They face a lot of challenges which makes them bond even stronger. A good example is when Stanley carries Zero's almost lifeless body up the high, steep mountain. Stanley steals a car just to help his friend Stanley, and Zero gets in to a fight only to defend Stanley. Good Conflict Zero escaped from Camp Green Lake after he had hit Mr. Pendanski in the head with his shovel. Knowing that Zero is walking around in the desert without any food or water leaves Stanley feeling guilty and worried about him. This makes him steal a car and escape from camp, just to help his friend. Fine. Conflicts between characters Catherine Barlow and Trout Walker Catherine is the first woman to turn Trout down and give him a â€Å"no†. This upsets Trout, and he burns Catherine's school down and kills her boyfriend. Mr. Sir And Stanley Stanley is accused of stealing Mr. Sir's sunflower seeds and is taken to the Warden by Mr. Sir. The Warden gets upset about Mr. Sir wasting her time with trifles and slap him his face with her poisonous nails. Mr. Sir's face get ugly swellings and he lets his anger and embarrassment out on Stanley. Zero an Mr. Pendanski Mr. Pendanski is constantly mocking at Zero about how stupid and incompetent he is. Zero finally gets enough and hits Mr. Pendanski in the head with his shovel. Fine Setting Green Lake was once the largest lake in the whole of Texas. It was a bright and lush place surrounded by peach trees and fertile mountains. When Sam got killed the whole town of Green Lake was somehow punished, not one single drop of water has fallen on Green Lake since that fateful day. The area is now all hot and dried up and there are no longer any remains of the green and sunny paradise it used to be. Camp Green Lake is now just a dry wasteland without any signs of vegetation, shade or water. Beside the boys, the only residents are scorpions, rattlesnakes and some deadly yellow-spotted lizards. When Stanley and Zero leave Camp Green Lake the sky turns dark and the first drop of rain for over a hundred years falls into the empty lake. Water being reunited with the lake is probably an indication on that vegetation and wildlife slowly will return to the area. We are also told that Camp Green Lake will become a Girl Scout camp in a few years. This tells us that the camp probably will be upgraded and get a friendlier look. It is also unlikely that a Girl Scout camp would find place in a desert, so this again suggests that Green Lake is returning green again. Good Characterization When Stanley arrives Camp he is an unhappy, overweight kid without any friends, being bullied by classmates and teachers. He appears to be secluded and feels uncomfortable in social situations and he is often sick with generally bad health. After just a weeks stay at camp, Stanley starts to lose weight and gain muscle. He gets a little more confident as he feels more accepted and he is given the nickname â€Å"Caveman » by the other boys. Stanley’s letters home Stanley writes a lot of letters home to his mum which gives us an impression of him being a kind and caring boy. In the letters he twists the truth with the intention of sparing his mum. This underlines his character even more. A few months later Stanley has gotten even stronger. He is a faster digger with muscles and thick skin. His low self esteem seems to be as good as gone. When Zero ask him to teach him how to read, Stanley has no problem turning him down. It is like he has lost much of his sympathy. By the time he leaves camp, Stanley has changed a lot, both physically and psychically He is more self-aware and has developed the emphatic side of himself. He is the same good guy as before just braver and happier. Good Zero Zero is first presented as a silent and strange character who shrinks from answering questions and talking. As we follow Zero through the book, we get to know him as an honest and generous boy. He is homeless and sent to Camp Green Lake because he had stolen some shoes. He is a smart kid, however he has some trouble expressing himself since he neither can read nor write. Stanley helps him with his language problems and they develop a friendship and Zero really opens up through the book. Good The adults at Camp Green Lake Mr. Sir Mr. Sir is one of the counsellors at Camp Green Lake. He is emphatic and tough and seems to enjoy being cruel to the campers. As result of his attempt to quit smoking, he is constantly chewing sunflower seeds. Mr. Pendanski Mr. Pendanskis in charge of Stanley's tent at Camp Green Lake, Tent D. He seems to be a friendly and quite stupid man, however he reveals the mean side of him- self when he suggests shooting the boys at the end of the book. (He is also nasty to Zero throughout. ) The Warden The warden is the commander in chief at Camp Green Lake. She is threatening and feared among both the campers and the other adults at camp. She claims that the boys are digging to build character, however she is really looking for Kate Barlow's treasure. Good Parallels between the stories Peaches Kate Barlow was famous for her spiced peaches, (Stanley and) Zero finds remains of these peaches out in the desert a hundred years later, calls them Sploosh and survives on them. The cure against bad foot odour, invented by Stanley's father has the smell of peaches and is named Sploosh. Onions Sam was an onion-seller, and he spoke well about the many healing qualities of onions. Sam's onion field was located on the exact same spot as Stanley and Zero find their onion supplies. The onions make Stanley and Zero regain their health and. avoid bites from the deadly yellow-spotted lizards.. Yellow- spotted lizards Yellow-spotted lizards are deadly lizards living in the empty holes at Camp Green Lake. Each lizard has exactly eleven yellow spots on their back, and it is said that if you are close enough to count them you are as good as dead. It was a yellow-spotted lizard that killed Kate Barlow and it is yellow-spotted lizards that almost kills Stanley and Zero while they are digging up Kate's treasure. Mary Lou Mary Lou was Sam's donkey. Sam claimed her to be almost fifty years old, and explained it by her eating nothing but raw onions. She got shot in the head and died the same day as Sam. There is also the boat. Fine The role of the song The first song deals with the fact that life is hard and a wish of an easier life. The second song is replying that life will never be easy and you will have to face your troubles and be proud of yourself. This song fits the Yelnats family, since they are a family with bad luck wishing life was easier. OK, but how does this change in the song reflect the changes in the story? Title I believe the novel is called holes simply because the campers have to dig holes and there are also â€Å"holes† in the novel which need to be filled. You could give some examples of these. There are also holes in the lives of Stanley and Zero. For example, the one left by Zero's mother when she disappeared. Good. You have answered the various parts of the assignment well and have shown insight and a very good understanding of the novel. You could perhaps have written a little more in some of your answers. Language: mistakes (there are a few too many of these) are colour coded as follows yellow: spelling blue: verbs green: language (for example, word choice, prepositions, punctuation and so on)

Describe the marriage of Paulina and Gerardo

Gerard asserts his eminence in his relationship with Pauline; he believes his persuasive words will always have its desired effect on Paling's actions. ‘Of course I'm going to listen to you. Haven't I always listened to you? And he is surprised when she doesn't listen. ‘You believe too much in your own powers of persuasion'. He is very manipulative, such as in the beginning of the play in which he is unsatisfied with the response he received, he continues to convince Pauline until he gets the answer he wanted, also going behind her back.He acted as though he genuinely cared about her opinion in the matter of his position on he committee when in reality, he had already accepted. Yes. Told him I'd do it. Yes. Before asking you. ‘. He also appears to be a lair and doesn't seem to understand women as well as he likes. Pauline is a suspicious wife, knowing that Gerard did it once, he could very well do it again and with that, she insinuates his infidelity numerous times before outright managing to get him to confess to it.Though despite that, they are still married and do love each other, her going as far as protecting Gerard while she was being tortured but not saying anything about him. They make sacrifices for each other as ell. How does the play. Inherit use details of the setting and atmosphere to illustrate the mood of the play? They are in a small beach house with a balcony and are able to hear the ocean. It also sounds secluded which isolates the scene. They use moonlight to light some specific part of the scene which omits everything else and has us focusing on one particular part which might bring a mood.The atmosphere shifts constantly with Pauline sort of falling in and out of sanity creating a particularly dramatic mood to the play, pulling you to keep reading to figure out what she does next. When Reboot's atmosphere shows a sort of irritants and confusion it has you wondering whether he really is innocent. The last scene too, with th e mirror having it reflect back at you leaves you to really take a good look at yourself and have you think hard about the events of the play having you fill out the gaps in which the author left ambiguous.Assess Paling's actions. Why does she react precisely in the way that she does? Paling's actions were premeditated and brave bordering on the edge Of crazy. She has been deeply traumatized by her past which leads to her paranoia and personal vendetta that she has laced upon Roberto. Pauline acts precisely in the way that she does because for fifteen years she has been haunted by her rape and torture which leaves her in an unstable state of mind which had finally cotton the best of her when the man she claims to be one of her captors show up on her doorstep.What would be Justice Pauline? Feel that for Pauline to find her justice would be for the people who have traumatized her to admit what they have done and be punished for it. Her idea to first retaliate in the same fashion (to r ape him with a broomstick and torture him) would not make her forgive him. It would satisfy her for the time being but not fully. For her to have justice would be to have the torturers confess in a hand written confession. Her new idea to have the letter written seems to satisfy her in a way that she would feel justice.The written letter is also a good idea to convince herself that she is correct in the way that Roberto is actually the Doctor who assisted in her torture. I also believe by her taking the law into her own hands, she has been able to gather the kind of answers only she could be searching for. What problems does an author face in dramatist's torture? How does Doorman achieve this? When traumatizing torture, the problem quite possibly the rate at which you reveal it.Doorman achieved the perfect amount of torture by hinting bits and pieces to get you thinking and then finally reeling us in with the entire story and his ability to constantly shift the balance of sympathy b etween the oppressed and the oppressor. What role do sexuality and sexual/gender roles play in the drama? There are a multitude of examples that suggest sexist views from the male characters. Both Gerard and Miranda speak of women as confusing pieces that are completely inhuman and act as though it is a shared knowledge between them.Gerard appears to have a dominant role over Pauline, acting manipulative toward her and believing he has a higher power over her. Many times he is heard stating that Pauline would make the meal expecting that she will do it because he knows she will. ‘Not another word. Pauline will be delighted. You'll see the breakfast she'll make for us. ‘ In this example he also assumes that Pauline will automatically be delighted with a random guest despite how she acts when an unfamiliar car turns up at her souse. ‘Of the two things you never share, my friend, one is your toothbrush. What is the significance of the setting for this play? Ariel Door man carefully explains in his stage directions that Death and the Maiden is set in â€Å"a country that is probably Chile but could be any country that has given itself a democratic government just after a long period of dictatorship† which helps us to understand what exactly the significance is of Greaser's position on the commission appointed to investigate the crimes committed under the regime. It plays one of the most important aspects to he characters conflict between justice and the love for his wife who decides to take the law into her own hands.It emphasizes what kind Of negative control a dictatorship has and the effects of it. Why does Pauline lock the door? Is it to keep Gerard safe or to keep him away? Act 1, Scene 3 It's the middle of the night and Pauline is written doing something suspicious. She is seen going into her living room and pulling out her gun and her stockings. She then goes to Reboot's room, listening, and then goes in. A confused muffled cry is he ard then silence. Pauline goes back to her own mom and locks the door.She then goes back onto Reboot's room and pulls out what suspiciously looks like a body before wing it to a chair. We learn that the body is indeed Reboot's. She collects all of Reboot's belongings and goes to leave the house, but not before taking off her underwear and gagging Roberto. She leaves the house in Reboot's car and leaving Gerard locked in his room and Roberto tied to a chair. Act 1, Scene 4 It's early in the morning and Roberto is tied to a chair and gagged only just waking up to find Pauline sitting in front of him with a gun. He is confused.Seeing that he is awake, Pauline greets him kindly, as though he weren't tied to a chair and gagged, she proceeds to converse with him almost normally. She begins her monologue moving from one topic to another. A friend Roberto might be related to, her early career as a student to become a doctor and asking him his preference for sandwiches. We begin to see she c ould possibly have some mental problems. He unlocks her bedroom door. She also turns on Death and the Maiden from the cassette she stole from Reboot's car gushing about how much she loved it and now how it haunts her.Gerard wakes up shocked, and goes to untie Roberto Miranda, but Pauline, convinced Miranda is one of her captors tells Gerard so. He seems UN entirely convinced and tells her she is sick which she denies. He tries to convince Pauline to let R. Miranda go but she is entirely convinced. And due to her assuredness, she tells Gerard her plan to put him on trial, like he would do if he was on the commission. Act 2, scene 1 Gerard has left to fetch his car, Roberto is still tied and Pauline has her back to him, and begins to relay of the horrors she suffered in the doctor's â€Å"care. †She had estranged herself from her parents, so when she was released, she had very few choices of where to go. Roberto makes a movement as if he wants to speak, but she makes him wait, thinking he's hungry, and imitates the doctor's voice for a moment. She then explains why he wouldn't have known about Gerard and made the connection to her. She had not mentioned Gerard in all the time that she was being tortured, but his house is where she went as soon as she was released. Gerard then returns to the house, and Pauline enquires how it went and whether the flat was fixed. He doesn't answer.

The Federal Minimum Wage Law - 962 Words

The federal minimum wage law was signed in 1938 by President Franklin Roosevelt in order to keep people out of poverty and increase consumer purchasing power. This has done the opposite by hurting businesses and reducing employment, while minimum wages go up, so will the costs of living. Most of the people working for minimum wage are 16 between 24 years old, 37% of workers are going to school working part time. Enrollment tuition has increased over the years, and raising the minimum wage could mean further increasing expenses. But, for people who aren t pursuing an education and begin working right out of school, the federal minimum wage $7.25 looks like it can be hard to live on. Raising the minimum wage would most likely increase with the cost of living, making cost of living or tuition even more expensive, making it harder to pay for groceries or bills. Just because someone starts out at a minimum wage job, doesn t mean they can t progress through the company and earn a bette r wage over the years. Minimum wages are more for entry level paying jobs that don t require any certain set of skills to be able to do what they ask. Maintaining the current federal minimum wage of $7.25 will help stop rise of inflation. Most people who don t make much, say they are poor, but the word poor needs to be defined for Americans. Thomas Sowell an economist said,†Most Americans living below the government-set poverty line have a washer and/or a dryer, as well as a computer.Show MoreRelatedFederal And New York Minimum Wage Laws1586 Words   |  7 PagesA Federal District Court judge in Manhattan ruled in June of 2013, that Fox Searchlight Pictures had violated federal and New York minimum wage laws by not paying production interns, it was a case that could radically affect the long-held practice of businesses to rely heavily on unpaid internships. The judge had decided that Fox Searchlight should have paid two interns on the movie â€Å"Black Swan,† because t hey were essentially regular employees. The interns were made to do basic chores usually doneRead MoreCongress As Part Of The Fair Labor Standards Act1084 Words   |  5 PagesStandards Act (FLSA) instituted minimum wage back in 1938. The first minimum wage was at $0.25 per hour and the last minimum wage increase occurred in 2007. Over the past 65 years the minimum wage has varied considerably in inflation-adjusted buying power. It has averaged $6.60 an hour in purchasing power in 2013 dollars, but it has ranged from a low of $3.09 an hour in late 1948 to a high of $8.67 an hour in 1968. Today’s minimum wage buys somewhat more than the minimum wage has historically, althoughRead MoreThe Effects of a Minimum Wage Law655 Words   |  3 PagesWhat are the Effects of a Minimum Wage Law? A minimum wage is the lowest amount of money per hour that the government of the country assigns employers to pay their employees. The minimum wage is based on an idea that the employers have a responsibility for their employees to live in a reasonable standard of living. The minimum wage laws have directly effect to most industries because of the potential of decreasing their budget. As a result, the minimum wage is still an issue that people researchRead MoreState and Federal Systems of Government Essay1705 Words   |  7 PagesState and Federal Systems of Government MGT434 May 29, 2006 State and Federal Systems of Government Labor and employment laws define US workers rights and protect s employees from employers retaliation for exercising our rights under the laws or reporting violations to the proper authorities. As Bennett and Hartman explain, these laws Â…seek to make the power relationship between employer and employee one that is fair and equitable (Employment Law for Business, pg. 88). Employers haveRead MoreThe Effects Of Minimum Wage On The Economy1391 Words   |  6 PagesThe Effects Minimum Wage on the Economy The controversial topic about increasing minimum wage is debated countless times over the years. Minimum wage is the lowest wage an employer can pay an employee permitted by law. The contemporary federal minimum wage is $7.25. Minimum wage applies to all domestic workers but teenagers are the main receivers of minimum wage. Minimum wage has a major effect on the economy. The question is are the effects positive or negative. There are many arguments on whetherRead MoreMinimum Wage Laws For The United States Essay1742 Words   |  7 PagesThe minimum wage is the mandated price floor paid on hourly or daily basis for the employees regulated by the government or the union. In â€Å"Federal Minimum Wage†, New Zealand and Australia enacted the first minimum wage law during the late 19th century to prevent employers’ exploitation of workers. In 1912, Massachusetts passed the first minimum wage legislation in the US that was enforced for women and children, and fifteen more st ates followed in the next eleven years. However, the Supreme CourtRead MoreEssay on We Must Raise the Minimum Wage1615 Words   |  7 Pages Minimum wage is the lowest wage an employer can pay their employees. There is a Federal minimum wage and in some cases a State Minimum wage. The current Federal minimum wage is $7.25. An employee who makes $7.25 an hour and works 40 hours a week, will earn about $14,000 per year. The Federal government deemed that the poverty line is anyone who makes less than $17,000 a year (â€Å"Federal Minimum†). Therefore anyone that makes minimum wage lives below the poverty line. As president ObamaRead MoreThe Minimum Wage Of The United States928 Words   |  4 Pagesdissertation is that the federal minimum wage in the United States (US) has been at a stalemate for several years. (Addison et al, 2013) While policy makers are undecided whether to sign a bill into law that will increase the federal minimum wage, the workforce is he ld in a quandary. The inequality of wages across the country is unbalanced, because some states and various industries are exempt from the minimum wage laws. (Clain, 2012) Due to lack of awareness of the minimum wage laws, the workforce employedRead MoreEssay on The Minimum Wage Must Be Increased1575 Words   |  7 PagesNo family gets rich from earning the minimum wage. In fact, the current minimum wage does not even lift a family out of poverty. -- Jon Corzine Many people can think back and remember what it was like to put in an application for that first job and be presented with a position. Taking that position represents adulthood and is a very exciting time for a young person. All first jobs usually start with a minimum wage. Minimum wage is the minimum an employer has to pay an unskilled workerRead MoreMinimum Wage Should Be Legal1156 Words   |  5 Pagesbusinesses argued about minimum wage. Whether it should be raised or leave it the way it is. But, what exactly is minimum wages? Minimum wage is the least amount of money per hour that must be paid to a worker after surrounding a service according to the law. Many working class families’ lives depend on this minimum wages. There are few families who make less than $15000 a year who feed their families on this salary and still pay bills from it. Over the past year, the federal government has been working

Essay on Does The Punishment Fit The Crime - 851 Words

Punishing the unlawful, undesirable and deviant members of society is an aspect of criminal justice that has experienced a variety of transformations throughout history. Although the concept of retribution has remained a constant (the idea that the law breaker must somehow pay his/her debt to society), the methods used to enforce and achieve that retribution has changed a great deal. The growth and development of society along with an underlying, perpetual fear of crime are heavily linked to the use of vastly different forms of punishment that have ranged from public executions, forced labor, penal welfarism and popular punitivism over the course of only a few hundred years. Crime constructs us as a society whilst society,†¦show more content†¦They had to die repenting their sins, in order to save their souls at the last moment. The execution of a disbeliever was not a perfect one† (Spierenburg, 59). Using public executions as the main form of punishment was the earli est stages of modern state-making, which exemplifies a crude and most basic attempt to stop criminal behavior. Society slowly continued to evolve, and resulted in an increase in the value placed upon a human life (Rusche and Kirchheimer). Since society, crime and punishment have direct correlations with one another, this emphasis on the value of human life affected the way in which the state punished. Instead of public executions, which were intended to torture and humiliate a person in order to achieve deterrence within the society, prisoners were sentenced to galley servitude. Galley servitude was a method of punishment that was able to economically benefit the state because it filled the workforce with cheap labor while providing a more â€Å"humane† punishment for criminals. Eventually, galley servitude became obsolete and attention was turned to houses of correction as a form of punishment. It began with a â€Å"gradual rise of imprisonment implemented by the necessit y for special treatment of women and for differentiation in the treatment of various social strata†Show MoreRelatedDoes The Punishment Fit The Crime? Essay1220 Words   |  5 Pages Does the punishment fit the crime? The Death penalty is a government-sanctioned practice whereby a person is put to death by the state as a punishment for a crime. The death penalty is the punishment of execution, administered to someone legally convicted of a capital crime. The first established death penalty laws date as far back as the Eighteenth Century B.C. in the Code of King Hammaurabi of Babylon, which codified the death penalty for 25 different crimes. According Kyle Gibson of â€Å"Mic Policy†Read MoreEssay on Level of Punishment Does Not Fit the Crime1008 Words   |  5 Pagesof serious crimes that the justice system fails to make sure that criminals pay the price for the devastation that they cause. For example, Johannes Mehserl only served 2 years in prison for the killing of innocent member of public, Oscar Grant. At the same time, there are examples of 5 years prison sentences for the possession of marijuana. This is enormously unfair, as someone who can take the life of another human being should receive a far harsher punishment than someone whose crime only effectsRead MoreClassical Criminology : Criminal Justice Policies And Against The Spiritual Explanation Of Crime Essay1087 Words   |  5 PagesClassical Criminology is focused on the punishment of crime rather than the causation of crime. The classicism theory of criminology is the concepts of legal system and its approach during the 1700’s (‘Enlightenment period’). It is argued that Classical criminology was a â€Å"protest against those criminal justice policies and against the spiritual explanation of crime†.1 Features of Classical criminology still have a large impact on legal systems, like the concept of proportionality. There are manyRead MoreIs the Death Penalt y Cruel and Unusual Punishment? Essay1245 Words   |  5 PagesCapital punishment remains a cause for debate with people continuing to disagree on what cruel and unusual punishment consists of. Cruel and unusual punishment being defined as torture or a deliberately degrading punishment, in no way does the death penalty fall into this category. Having the death penalty in our society deters potential violent offenders from committing crimes, saves the government money, and guarantees that offenders will not commit these crimes again. The United States shouldRead MoreThe Punishment Of A Criminal854 Words   |  4 Pagesdifferent philosophies behind the punishment of a criminal include just about every moral justification that crosses a human being’s mind. The ideology behind philosophies of punishment in the criminal justice system has mainly derived from the globally understood â€Å"An eye for an eye, a tooth for a tooth† from the Old Testament and the clichà © â€Å"The punishment must fit the crime† concerning retributive punishment. Both of these statements involve retributive punishment. This is because most of the criminalRead MoreImplementing An Effective Punishment For An Offender1653 Words   |  7 Pages Achieving justice for all and providing appropriate punishment to fit all crimes is a prominent issue within the criminal justice system. In considering an effective punishment for an offender, the law must be mindful of both the moral and legal rights of a number of parties, including the society, the offender, and the victim, in order to achieve true justice for all (Warren 2005) - a process proving controversial and almost impossible in many cases. Whilst aiming to provide a system in which citizensRead MoreCapital Punishment Is Not A Better Than Life Imprisonment1400 Words   |  6 PagesCapital punishment is the legally authorized killing of someone as punishment for a crime. Although capital punishment is wrong and is the killing of a human being, capital punishment is legal in thirty-two of the fifty states in the United States, meaning that the other eighteen states outlaw it as a punishment for crime. States that capital punishment is legal in all have different guideline s for what is punishable by death, but mostly murder or other capital offenses are what is punished. CapitalRead MoreThe Deterrence Theory By Thomas Hobbes1347 Words   |  6 Pagesskin color? Although, we would love to believe that we live in a perfect world where everyone is given the justice that they deserve unfortunately, it does not always end up that way for some. Indeed, the Deterrence Theory then comes into play making sure that not only is everyone treated equally but, also making sure that it sees fit that the punishment given is carefully taken into consideration. The Deterrence Theory was first introduced by theorist Thomas Hobbes who was then followed up on the theoryRead MoreCapital Punishment Should Be Legal933 Words   |  4 Pagesshould capital punishment be applied to minors and, if so how young it too young? Although, capital punishment has been a part of the United States for many years, the United States still have yet to figure out how to solve all its dilemmas and whether or not capital punishment should be administered to minors. Debates about the use of capital punishment for juveniles have grown increasingly intense, within the last ten years, because of the alarming increase of serious and violent crimes that demandRead MoreEqual Punishment And Proportional Retribution1443 Words   |  6 Pages In this essay, I will argue that equal punishment and proportional retribution do not justify the use of the death penalty. First, I will argue that equal punishment is too specific and literal because it stems from the idea that o ne crime is deserving of that exact crime in the form of a legal punishment. In the case of murder, that belief would condone punishing murder with murder. We can’t justify some killings while condemning others. By giving permission to someone to execute another human

Why No One Is Talking About Free Example Essay Topics and What You Should be Doing Today

Why No One Is Talking About Free Example Essay Topics and What You Should be Doing Today The Basics of Free Example Essay Topics You Can Benefit From Starting Immediately It's very useful to take writing apart to be able to see just the way that it accomplishes its objectives. The variety of paragraphs in an essay fluctuates depending on the amount of ideas you wish to discuss. It is much more than just a great thesis statement, a few paragraphs in its body and a conclusion. Aside from the true procedure for formulating an essay, there are likewise some requisite steps for the entire essay writing process to be a success. Subsequently, essay was defined in a number of ways. Students are requested to explain, comment on, or assess a subject of study in the shape of an essay. The format can be adapted based on the nature and the topic of a customized essay. Ok, I Think I Understand Free Example Essay Topics, Now Tell Me About Free Example Essay Topics! 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Emerging Issues of Procurement Management †MyAssignmenthelp.com

Question: Discuss about the Emerging Issues of Procurement Management. Answer: Introduction: The risk is a probability of happening something unwanted which can impact the management and operations of the organisation. The food chain supply management comprise of greatest risks which is essential to be managed as it can lay a immense challenge for the company. The other sectors of economy sustain risks through various measures while, the food chain supply has greater risk because of the perishable nature of food. As per this, industries related to food supply chain is essential to be managed in most efficient way that can help in handling of potential risks of its vulnerabilities (Phillips, 2013). The present study is based on risk and procurement management in which a UK based firm Edible solutions Ltd. who imports the food products from Greece has been chosen for detailed discussion. The report will carry out a critical discussion on supplier relationship management and various risks that can be faced in supply chain. There are a number of risks in the supply chain management which can exist either internally or externally. The impact of this supply chain risk is high which has the potential to affect the operations of business seriously. According to Fu, Lee and Teo, (2010), the risk in food supply chain is higher as compared to other business organisations engaged in supply chains as food is a perishable thing. The time factor has a crucial importance in supplies of food materials as after a specific time period, food may get destroyed or perished. Various factors like natural disasters, epidemics, changes in weather etc. have the potential to put the food supply chain in a vulnerable state. As per these complexities related to food supply chain, it is crucial to integrate various functions in best possible way so as to minimise the risks related to supply chain of food and maintain the quality of products. From the reports, it has been found that the demands related to various food has increase d to very high level in UK as compared to supplies. Besides this, various recent scandals related to quality oif food products have raised awareness among public. Thus, there is an increasing demand of regulation for food safety so as to supply quality products (Sodhi, Son and Tang, 2012). As per the scenario, the Edible solutions Ltd. of UK import the food materials from Greece. The organisation makes attempt to provide high quality products that has been imported buy reliable suppliers so that further processing can be done in right manner and end product reaches with same quality. Therefore, the organisation uses to apply various technologies and expertise to manage different kinds of risks that may create a complex situation for the industry. The respective firm imports the food materials from Greece and supply it to various major retail and manufacturing companies in UK. The organisation believes in working closely with the suppliers and customers so that the rising demands among consumers can be catered successfully. In the views of Osipova and Eriksson, (2011), the ISO and HACCP systems are applicable on food industry which acts as a regulatory firm to control quality of food. Yet, the diseases and other risks relevant food quality are not properly met by these bodies. On other hand, many food processing companies either at small or big level are facing challenges in managing the supply chain as a result of lower quality of raw materials, less innovativeness and research activities, use of obsolete technologies and many more. These challenges are the major barriers because of which the firm is not able to cater intensifying demands among customers. Consequently, the trade balance for food products has gone negative (Wa ters, 2011). Blome and Schoenherr, (2011) states that supply chain manager is mainly responsible for applying a best practicing model that can aid in achieving a fully incorporated supply chain which is potential of sustaining the competitive advantage. Besides this, it must be capable of enough flexibility so that manager can implement required changes to meet the extreme events. The supply chain management consists of a number of risks which can be managed and understood through the application of some relevant theories of risk management. Role of procurement management It is evident that the natural resources of world is getting reduced and is under a severe pressure. Besides this, Waters, (2011), states that economies of the world are also changing fast with a number of fluctuations in it that directly impacts the vendor and supplier relationships. Further, this fluctuation in economic conditions results into rising prices of food and energy. Olson and Wu, (2011) argues that in this situation, the role of procurement is to develop understanding for those drivers that can impact demand for natural resources. The procurement management strategies can help in mitigating various risks related to supplies in following way: Developing the knowledge on various alternative sources of materials so that the time of uncertainties can be met. Building up of various alternative product strategies with a relentless supply insecurities so that losses can be written-off which are related to business transactions done at this time. Adopting the approach of circular economy which entails sourcing of secondary raw materials and use of renewable primary materials. Making good investments in the development of various new capabilities in cooperation of strategic partners. Making links and partnerships with local suppliers within supply chain so as to provide micro financing to the local suppliers which can aid in developing jointly local economies and more secure chain of supplies. For instance, the Edible solutions Ltd. has faced issues in supplies of food at the time of economic fluctuations occurred in UK. The company was not able to import required goods from the suppliers at reasonable price and on time. Therefore, it contacted multiple suppliers so as to meet the demands of customers. Besides this, now it adopts the strategy of making investments on new markets and developing partnerships with local suppliers as well. Sustainable procurement process The sustainable procurement process is a concept where social and environmental factors are taken into consideration along with financial constituents for taking decisions related to procurement process. The decisions taken through this concept are based on whole life cost, related risks, parameters of success and its implication on society and environment. Through this process, Edible solutions Company can apply the management through buying of assets, services and supplies by taking into consideration, a number of factors like: Whole value for money including price, quality, functionality etc. The products life cycle Environmental aspects related to processes of supplies Sustainability and recyclability of the products The application of sustainable procurement process will help in long term savings, efficient and optimum use if available resources, reducing deteriorating impacts of various materials, more encouragement to innovations etc. Through this concept, the firms meet their needs for different products and services which can achieve value for money by generating benefits for society and environment. In this sustainability process, inclusion of ISO 20400 will aid in bringing value within procurement and purchase process by disseminating CSR practices within it. The ISO 20400 contains standard principles and guidelines for various stakeholders who are related internally or externally in purchasing processes. The application of ISO 20400 in procurement process will help in increasing value of essential management practices, differentiating genuine efforts from programmes that demonstrate mere window dressing and will encourage other firms to include similar programmes and standards in practice s. The Agency theory has evolved between 1960s and 1970s where it was incepted basically for risk analysis. As per Kalvet and Lember, (2010), the agency theory is meant for assessing the risks after identifying various issues in the firm. Thus, it reflects to recognise various common problems of the company and ways to manage them in conditions of uncertainty. The theory states that one of the party which is said as principal allots a task or work to opposite party known as agent. Tang and Musa, (2011) presents a different view that in this relationship, the principal works for minimising the cost of agency while on other hand, the agent will seek to minimise the control of principal. Thus, on applying this theory in supply chain management, it can be inferred that sourcing company act as a principal while the supplier firm act as an agent. Principals are usually risk neutral while the agents are risk aversive in nature. The rationale behind this risk related nature of principal and age nts is that sourcing company has the power to contact different suppliers or agents by diversifying their investments (Mwikali and Kavale, 2012). While agents or suppliers are, dependent on principals. Resource dependency theory The Resource dependency theory sets a specific view which relates with the supply chain management for understanding the risks related to the process. Organisations use to manage the risks because most of the times, firms are constrained as a result of external environment. Giannakis and Louis, (2011) states that to manage the risks related to resource dependency, a company must have the arrangements related to inter organisational relationships. In addition to this, the theory suggests that those firms who are engaged in supplying bulk products must have the relations and contacts with multiple numbers of suppliers. This facility will help in minimising the most common risk of timely delivery. There can be a number of reasons which may delay the process of supplies between buyer and supplier. These types of reasons may comprise weather changes, issues in transportations and many more. Therefore, to manage such kind of risks, it is essential that the buyer company establishes contact with multiple suppliers so that risks related to the supply management in emergent conditions can be met (Xu, 2010). Here, it can be stated that by acquiring various external resources, required by a firm can be attained by reducing its dependency on others and increasing others dependency on it. The resource based view is an approach that was initially given by Penrose who took the firm as a set of resources through which organisations can differentiate themselves from each other. The resource based view theory suggests that firms possess a number of resources internally (Hong and Kwon, 2012). These resources are the major competitive advantage for the firm and its competitiveness highly depends upon which universal internal resources the organisation possesses. As per the supply chain management, it is evident that a company must strive for using resources of its own firm as much as possible so as to save cost and also minimise the risks related to supplies. Besides this, the mentioned approach also states that the members who are involved in the supply chain management have a close link among themselves so that so as to enhance their capabilities and manage risks. In addition to this, the resources that exist externally or beyond the boundaries of organisation are required to be accessed through management of long term relationships with suppliers so to attain competitive advantages. Not withstanding the significance of co-operation and harmonization for supply chain management, a privileged level of interface passion is needed in order to have an incorporated supply chain management. As per Chaturvedi and Martnez-de-Albniz, (2011), the supply chain management is a process in which a collection of relationships and various use to get organised for smoother flow of materials, information and money between buyer and supplier. However, Lavastre, Gunasekaran and Spalanzani, (2012) contradicts that the efficient management of different information, material and cash is significant so as to improve the performance of supply chain. Risk management in supply chain The complex structure of supply chain management has attracted the interest of many researchers. As per Loch, DeMeyer and Pich, (2011), there are several ways through which the upstream risks in food supply chain can be managed. For this purpose, it is crucial to be familiar with whole process of production, making more investment in designing and integration of supplies, to have win-win situation through effective monitoring and maintain good level of transparency. Therefore, it is crucial to understand the nature of risks and undertake various steps that can help in their management so as to minimise risks and maintain a smooth flow of materials and information (Merna and Al-Thani, 2011). The risk management is a process which follows some of the specific steps that can help in complete solution of its management. These steps can be understood within a risk management cycle in which there are five steps. These steps can be understood in the following section in an elaborated manner: Identification of risks: This is the first step in risk management cycle where manager of Edible solutions Company attempts to make identification of risks. As per this, the manager applies a range of technologies so as to make correct identification of risks. In context of food chain supply, there can be a number of risks that are essential to be forecasted and also to make identification after initiation of the process (Xanthopoulos, Vlachos and Iakovou, 2012). The manager makes the identification of risks by making a risk register in which detail explanation of risks, their impacts and likelihood are mentioned. Analysing the risk: On the basis of above process, where risk register is prepared, the analysis of risks are done. Here, the risk register is used as a base as it contains types of risks, their likelihood to appear and their impacts on supply chain management. These risks are analysed so as to understand their nature and various impacts that which are potential to affect the goals of supply chain. The collected information is analysed by the concerned manager and ways are found out for its solution (Olson and Wu, 2010). Evaluating and ranking risks: On the basis of risk register, the results obtained by combining outcomes of likelihood and consequences of risks are used for ranking the risks. Here, the cited firm makes an evaluation of risks so that a particular ranking can be done so as to make a decision regarding whether the risk is acceptable or needs urgent action for its treatment. On this basis of evaluation made for analysing impact of risks, the managers in supply chain management take various decisions (Nagurney, Masoumi and Yu, 2012). Treat the risk: As per the above step, in which the analysis is made for giving ranking to the risks on the basis of their seriousness are addressed for treatment. The highest ranked risk is taken on priority basis so as to undertake steps for its solution. These risks are treated in a way so as to minimise its impact or bringing it to the acceptable level. This is a crucial step in which decisions related to mitigating the risks and enhancing opportunities are taken. The contingency and preventive plans are prepared so as to treat the highest ranked risk as per the risk register. Monitoring and reviewing risk: This is the last step in entire process of risk management where the manager of mentioned enterprise makes some provisions so that he/ she can keep watch over the project risk register (Colicchia and Strozzi, 2012). This helps in monitoring entire process so that any new risk can be identified at earlier stages and appropriate measures can be adopted for their treatment in advance. From the studies, it has been discovered that supply chain consists of a wide number of risks as well as opportunities. Both risks and opportunities for an organisation have an impact on the entire chain. In addition to this there can be production related risks in cited venture and also procurement of the risks. Therefore, it is essential that steps are taken as per the nature of risks so that their management can also be done in appropriate manner. The number of risks and their management along with its likelihood and impacts can be studied properly within a risk register. Thus, the risk register related to the food supply chain can be developed in following manner (Nojavan and et.al., 2015). Sr.no. Risk description Cause Likelihood Impact Required action 1. Sometimes, timely delivery of food materials may not be received due to which food may get perished. There can be both controllable and uncontrollable reasons for such condition like unfavourable weather, loss in transit and delays due to heavy traffic or closure of roads (Olson and Wu, 2011). High The delay caused in timely delivery may impact the relationship between buyer and supplier firm. Besides this, the buyer organisation will have to face heavy losses in financial terms and loss of customers as well. To make arrangements of insurance so as to recover losses incurred from uncontrollable events. Besides this, order can be placed in well advance so as to keep a margin of some days in case of delay (Fu, Lee and Teo, 2010). 2. The quality of food and raw materials supplied can be of lower quality. The relation between buyer and supplier may not be sound because of which the supplier may not send the quality material. Besides this, the buyer may not have the contact with a good supplier. Moderate The consumers who get the end products may not get satisfied with the quality of product. This may increase dissatisfaction among the consumers and fir may get loss its customer base (Osipova and Eriksson, 2011). The firm must ensure that the procurement is made through a loyal supplier. Besides this, it is also essential that buyer shares all required information to the suppliers about quality of products in a proper way so as to get the desired quality product. 3. The enterprise sourcing raw materials and food must comply with the safety and quality standards along with regulatory laws which may result into lawful actions against the organisation (Dey, 2010). Sometimes, the companies may not meet the regulatory requirements and quality standards so as to operate at minimum cost of operations. Low In case of violating any food and safety law which may be intentional or unintentional, the lawful action may be taken against the firm. Thus, the goodwill of organisation may get impacted negatively resulting into loss of customers for the company. The entity may adopt an option of appointing a professional who can give advices related to laws and regulatory frameworks that are necessary to be complied with (Blome and Schoenherr, 2011). On the basis of above risk register, the organisation based on food sector can assess various risks and divide them on priority basis so as to mitigate them. In near future, the task of strengthening relationships between vendor and supplier with a wide network will have a significant importance. Therefore, it is crucial to adopt some concrete steps by the Edible solutions, so that deal between buyer and supplier can be handled in changing marketplace. Therefore, the stated venture has adopted the approach of Digital supply management which will support in cultivating different insights and capabilities. The said approach is based on developed business strategy with increased value of supply chain management (Xanthopoulos, Vlachos and Iakovou, 2012). Through leveraging analytics, digital manufacturing and logistics and reconfiguration for Supplier Relationship Management, procurement is proficient to sustain the business to exploit value in the upstream supply chain, whether it is in merchandise innovation, delivery superiority or product precision and sustainability. Conclusion The present report is based on managing risks related to the supply chain where the companies importing the food materials are at greater risk. It is evident that the organisations facing issues in managing risks related to certain and uncertain events use to adopt various approaches so as to mitigate risks. 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