Wednesday, December 25, 2019

Essay on Does The Punishment Fit The Crime - 851 Words

Punishing the unlawful, undesirable and deviant members of society is an aspect of criminal justice that has experienced a variety of transformations throughout history. Although the concept of retribution has remained a constant (the idea that the law breaker must somehow pay his/her debt to society), the methods used to enforce and achieve that retribution has changed a great deal. The growth and development of society along with an underlying, perpetual fear of crime are heavily linked to the use of vastly different forms of punishment that have ranged from public executions, forced labor, penal welfarism and popular punitivism over the course of only a few hundred years. Crime constructs us as a society whilst society,†¦show more content†¦They had to die repenting their sins, in order to save their souls at the last moment. The execution of a disbeliever was not a perfect one† (Spierenburg, 59). Using public executions as the main form of punishment was the earli est stages of modern state-making, which exemplifies a crude and most basic attempt to stop criminal behavior. Society slowly continued to evolve, and resulted in an increase in the value placed upon a human life (Rusche and Kirchheimer). Since society, crime and punishment have direct correlations with one another, this emphasis on the value of human life affected the way in which the state punished. Instead of public executions, which were intended to torture and humiliate a person in order to achieve deterrence within the society, prisoners were sentenced to galley servitude. Galley servitude was a method of punishment that was able to economically benefit the state because it filled the workforce with cheap labor while providing a more â€Å"humane† punishment for criminals. Eventually, galley servitude became obsolete and attention was turned to houses of correction as a form of punishment. It began with a â€Å"gradual rise of imprisonment implemented by the necessit y for special treatment of women and for differentiation in the treatment of various social strata†Show MoreRelatedDoes The Punishment Fit The Crime? Essay1220 Words   |  5 Pages Does the punishment fit the crime? The Death penalty is a government-sanctioned practice whereby a person is put to death by the state as a punishment for a crime. The death penalty is the punishment of execution, administered to someone legally convicted of a capital crime. The first established death penalty laws date as far back as the Eighteenth Century B.C. in the Code of King Hammaurabi of Babylon, which codified the death penalty for 25 different crimes. According Kyle Gibson of â€Å"Mic Policy†Read MoreEssay on Level of Punishment Does Not Fit the Crime1008 Words   |  5 Pagesof serious crimes that the justice system fails to make sure that criminals pay the price for the devastation that they cause. For example, Johannes Mehserl only served 2 years in prison for the killing of innocent member of public, Oscar Grant. At the same time, there are examples of 5 years prison sentences for the possession of marijuana. This is enormously unfair, as someone who can take the life of another human being should receive a far harsher punishment than someone whose crime only effectsRead MoreClassical Criminology : Criminal Justice Policies And Against The Spiritual Explanation Of Crime Essay1087 Words   |  5 PagesClassical Criminology is focused on the punishment of crime rather than the causation of crime. The classicism theory of criminology is the concepts of legal system and its approach during the 1700’s (‘Enlightenment period’). It is argued that Classical criminology was a â€Å"protest against those criminal justice policies and against the spiritual explanation of crime†.1 Features of Classical criminology still have a large impact on legal systems, like the concept of proportionality. There are manyRead MoreIs the Death Penalt y Cruel and Unusual Punishment? Essay1245 Words   |  5 PagesCapital punishment remains a cause for debate with people continuing to disagree on what cruel and unusual punishment consists of. Cruel and unusual punishment being defined as torture or a deliberately degrading punishment, in no way does the death penalty fall into this category. Having the death penalty in our society deters potential violent offenders from committing crimes, saves the government money, and guarantees that offenders will not commit these crimes again. The United States shouldRead MoreThe Punishment Of A Criminal854 Words   |  4 Pagesdifferent philosophies behind the punishment of a criminal include just about every moral justification that crosses a human being’s mind. The ideology behind philosophies of punishment in the criminal justice system has mainly derived from the globally understood â€Å"An eye for an eye, a tooth for a tooth† from the Old Testament and the clichà © â€Å"The punishment must fit the crime† concerning retributive punishment. Both of these statements involve retributive punishment. This is because most of the criminalRead MoreImplementing An Effective Punishment For An Offender1653 Words   |  7 Pages Achieving justice for all and providing appropriate punishment to fit all crimes is a prominent issue within the criminal justice system. In considering an effective punishment for an offender, the law must be mindful of both the moral and legal rights of a number of parties, including the society, the offender, and the victim, in order to achieve true justice for all (Warren 2005) - a process proving controversial and almost impossible in many cases. Whilst aiming to provide a system in which citizensRead MoreCapital Punishment Is Not A Better Than Life Imprisonment1400 Words   |  6 PagesCapital punishment is the legally authorized killing of someone as punishment for a crime. Although capital punishment is wrong and is the killing of a human being, capital punishment is legal in thirty-two of the fifty states in the United States, meaning that the other eighteen states outlaw it as a punishment for crime. States that capital punishment is legal in all have different guideline s for what is punishable by death, but mostly murder or other capital offenses are what is punished. CapitalRead MoreThe Deterrence Theory By Thomas Hobbes1347 Words   |  6 Pagesskin color? Although, we would love to believe that we live in a perfect world where everyone is given the justice that they deserve unfortunately, it does not always end up that way for some. Indeed, the Deterrence Theory then comes into play making sure that not only is everyone treated equally but, also making sure that it sees fit that the punishment given is carefully taken into consideration. The Deterrence Theory was first introduced by theorist Thomas Hobbes who was then followed up on the theoryRead MoreCapital Punishment Should Be Legal933 Words   |  4 Pagesshould capital punishment be applied to minors and, if so how young it too young? Although, capital punishment has been a part of the United States for many years, the United States still have yet to figure out how to solve all its dilemmas and whether or not capital punishment should be administered to minors. Debates about the use of capital punishment for juveniles have grown increasingly intense, within the last ten years, because of the alarming increase of serious and violent crimes that demandRead MoreEqual Punishment And Proportional Retribution1443 Words   |  6 Pages In this essay, I will argue that equal punishment and proportional retribution do not justify the use of the death penalty. First, I will argue that equal punishment is too specific and literal because it stems from the idea that o ne crime is deserving of that exact crime in the form of a legal punishment. In the case of murder, that belief would condone punishing murder with murder. We can’t justify some killings while condemning others. By giving permission to someone to execute another human

Monday, December 16, 2019

Why No One Is Talking About Free Example Essay Topics and What You Should be Doing Today

Why No One Is Talking About Free Example Essay Topics and What You Should be Doing Today The Basics of Free Example Essay Topics You Can Benefit From Starting Immediately It's very useful to take writing apart to be able to see just the way that it accomplishes its objectives. The variety of paragraphs in an essay fluctuates depending on the amount of ideas you wish to discuss. It is much more than just a great thesis statement, a few paragraphs in its body and a conclusion. Aside from the true procedure for formulating an essay, there are likewise some requisite steps for the entire essay writing process to be a success. Subsequently, essay was defined in a number of ways. Students are requested to explain, comment on, or assess a subject of study in the shape of an essay. The format can be adapted based on the nature and the topic of a customized essay. Ok, I Think I Understand Free Example Essay Topics, Now Tell Me About Free Example Essay Topics! 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Sunday, December 8, 2019

Emerging Issues of Procurement Management †MyAssignmenthelp.com

Question: Discuss about the Emerging Issues of Procurement Management. Answer: Introduction: The risk is a probability of happening something unwanted which can impact the management and operations of the organisation. The food chain supply management comprise of greatest risks which is essential to be managed as it can lay a immense challenge for the company. The other sectors of economy sustain risks through various measures while, the food chain supply has greater risk because of the perishable nature of food. As per this, industries related to food supply chain is essential to be managed in most efficient way that can help in handling of potential risks of its vulnerabilities (Phillips, 2013). The present study is based on risk and procurement management in which a UK based firm Edible solutions Ltd. who imports the food products from Greece has been chosen for detailed discussion. The report will carry out a critical discussion on supplier relationship management and various risks that can be faced in supply chain. There are a number of risks in the supply chain management which can exist either internally or externally. The impact of this supply chain risk is high which has the potential to affect the operations of business seriously. According to Fu, Lee and Teo, (2010), the risk in food supply chain is higher as compared to other business organisations engaged in supply chains as food is a perishable thing. The time factor has a crucial importance in supplies of food materials as after a specific time period, food may get destroyed or perished. Various factors like natural disasters, epidemics, changes in weather etc. have the potential to put the food supply chain in a vulnerable state. As per these complexities related to food supply chain, it is crucial to integrate various functions in best possible way so as to minimise the risks related to supply chain of food and maintain the quality of products. From the reports, it has been found that the demands related to various food has increase d to very high level in UK as compared to supplies. Besides this, various recent scandals related to quality oif food products have raised awareness among public. Thus, there is an increasing demand of regulation for food safety so as to supply quality products (Sodhi, Son and Tang, 2012). As per the scenario, the Edible solutions Ltd. of UK import the food materials from Greece. The organisation makes attempt to provide high quality products that has been imported buy reliable suppliers so that further processing can be done in right manner and end product reaches with same quality. Therefore, the organisation uses to apply various technologies and expertise to manage different kinds of risks that may create a complex situation for the industry. The respective firm imports the food materials from Greece and supply it to various major retail and manufacturing companies in UK. The organisation believes in working closely with the suppliers and customers so that the rising demands among consumers can be catered successfully. In the views of Osipova and Eriksson, (2011), the ISO and HACCP systems are applicable on food industry which acts as a regulatory firm to control quality of food. Yet, the diseases and other risks relevant food quality are not properly met by these bodies. On other hand, many food processing companies either at small or big level are facing challenges in managing the supply chain as a result of lower quality of raw materials, less innovativeness and research activities, use of obsolete technologies and many more. These challenges are the major barriers because of which the firm is not able to cater intensifying demands among customers. Consequently, the trade balance for food products has gone negative (Wa ters, 2011). Blome and Schoenherr, (2011) states that supply chain manager is mainly responsible for applying a best practicing model that can aid in achieving a fully incorporated supply chain which is potential of sustaining the competitive advantage. Besides this, it must be capable of enough flexibility so that manager can implement required changes to meet the extreme events. The supply chain management consists of a number of risks which can be managed and understood through the application of some relevant theories of risk management. Role of procurement management It is evident that the natural resources of world is getting reduced and is under a severe pressure. Besides this, Waters, (2011), states that economies of the world are also changing fast with a number of fluctuations in it that directly impacts the vendor and supplier relationships. Further, this fluctuation in economic conditions results into rising prices of food and energy. Olson and Wu, (2011) argues that in this situation, the role of procurement is to develop understanding for those drivers that can impact demand for natural resources. The procurement management strategies can help in mitigating various risks related to supplies in following way: Developing the knowledge on various alternative sources of materials so that the time of uncertainties can be met. Building up of various alternative product strategies with a relentless supply insecurities so that losses can be written-off which are related to business transactions done at this time. Adopting the approach of circular economy which entails sourcing of secondary raw materials and use of renewable primary materials. Making good investments in the development of various new capabilities in cooperation of strategic partners. Making links and partnerships with local suppliers within supply chain so as to provide micro financing to the local suppliers which can aid in developing jointly local economies and more secure chain of supplies. For instance, the Edible solutions Ltd. has faced issues in supplies of food at the time of economic fluctuations occurred in UK. The company was not able to import required goods from the suppliers at reasonable price and on time. Therefore, it contacted multiple suppliers so as to meet the demands of customers. Besides this, now it adopts the strategy of making investments on new markets and developing partnerships with local suppliers as well. Sustainable procurement process The sustainable procurement process is a concept where social and environmental factors are taken into consideration along with financial constituents for taking decisions related to procurement process. The decisions taken through this concept are based on whole life cost, related risks, parameters of success and its implication on society and environment. Through this process, Edible solutions Company can apply the management through buying of assets, services and supplies by taking into consideration, a number of factors like: Whole value for money including price, quality, functionality etc. The products life cycle Environmental aspects related to processes of supplies Sustainability and recyclability of the products The application of sustainable procurement process will help in long term savings, efficient and optimum use if available resources, reducing deteriorating impacts of various materials, more encouragement to innovations etc. Through this concept, the firms meet their needs for different products and services which can achieve value for money by generating benefits for society and environment. In this sustainability process, inclusion of ISO 20400 will aid in bringing value within procurement and purchase process by disseminating CSR practices within it. The ISO 20400 contains standard principles and guidelines for various stakeholders who are related internally or externally in purchasing processes. The application of ISO 20400 in procurement process will help in increasing value of essential management practices, differentiating genuine efforts from programmes that demonstrate mere window dressing and will encourage other firms to include similar programmes and standards in practice s. The Agency theory has evolved between 1960s and 1970s where it was incepted basically for risk analysis. As per Kalvet and Lember, (2010), the agency theory is meant for assessing the risks after identifying various issues in the firm. Thus, it reflects to recognise various common problems of the company and ways to manage them in conditions of uncertainty. The theory states that one of the party which is said as principal allots a task or work to opposite party known as agent. Tang and Musa, (2011) presents a different view that in this relationship, the principal works for minimising the cost of agency while on other hand, the agent will seek to minimise the control of principal. Thus, on applying this theory in supply chain management, it can be inferred that sourcing company act as a principal while the supplier firm act as an agent. Principals are usually risk neutral while the agents are risk aversive in nature. The rationale behind this risk related nature of principal and age nts is that sourcing company has the power to contact different suppliers or agents by diversifying their investments (Mwikali and Kavale, 2012). While agents or suppliers are, dependent on principals. Resource dependency theory The Resource dependency theory sets a specific view which relates with the supply chain management for understanding the risks related to the process. Organisations use to manage the risks because most of the times, firms are constrained as a result of external environment. Giannakis and Louis, (2011) states that to manage the risks related to resource dependency, a company must have the arrangements related to inter organisational relationships. In addition to this, the theory suggests that those firms who are engaged in supplying bulk products must have the relations and contacts with multiple numbers of suppliers. This facility will help in minimising the most common risk of timely delivery. There can be a number of reasons which may delay the process of supplies between buyer and supplier. These types of reasons may comprise weather changes, issues in transportations and many more. Therefore, to manage such kind of risks, it is essential that the buyer company establishes contact with multiple suppliers so that risks related to the supply management in emergent conditions can be met (Xu, 2010). Here, it can be stated that by acquiring various external resources, required by a firm can be attained by reducing its dependency on others and increasing others dependency on it. The resource based view is an approach that was initially given by Penrose who took the firm as a set of resources through which organisations can differentiate themselves from each other. The resource based view theory suggests that firms possess a number of resources internally (Hong and Kwon, 2012). These resources are the major competitive advantage for the firm and its competitiveness highly depends upon which universal internal resources the organisation possesses. As per the supply chain management, it is evident that a company must strive for using resources of its own firm as much as possible so as to save cost and also minimise the risks related to supplies. Besides this, the mentioned approach also states that the members who are involved in the supply chain management have a close link among themselves so that so as to enhance their capabilities and manage risks. In addition to this, the resources that exist externally or beyond the boundaries of organisation are required to be accessed through management of long term relationships with suppliers so to attain competitive advantages. Not withstanding the significance of co-operation and harmonization for supply chain management, a privileged level of interface passion is needed in order to have an incorporated supply chain management. As per Chaturvedi and Martnez-de-Albniz, (2011), the supply chain management is a process in which a collection of relationships and various use to get organised for smoother flow of materials, information and money between buyer and supplier. However, Lavastre, Gunasekaran and Spalanzani, (2012) contradicts that the efficient management of different information, material and cash is significant so as to improve the performance of supply chain. Risk management in supply chain The complex structure of supply chain management has attracted the interest of many researchers. As per Loch, DeMeyer and Pich, (2011), there are several ways through which the upstream risks in food supply chain can be managed. For this purpose, it is crucial to be familiar with whole process of production, making more investment in designing and integration of supplies, to have win-win situation through effective monitoring and maintain good level of transparency. Therefore, it is crucial to understand the nature of risks and undertake various steps that can help in their management so as to minimise risks and maintain a smooth flow of materials and information (Merna and Al-Thani, 2011). The risk management is a process which follows some of the specific steps that can help in complete solution of its management. These steps can be understood within a risk management cycle in which there are five steps. These steps can be understood in the following section in an elaborated manner: Identification of risks: This is the first step in risk management cycle where manager of Edible solutions Company attempts to make identification of risks. As per this, the manager applies a range of technologies so as to make correct identification of risks. In context of food chain supply, there can be a number of risks that are essential to be forecasted and also to make identification after initiation of the process (Xanthopoulos, Vlachos and Iakovou, 2012). The manager makes the identification of risks by making a risk register in which detail explanation of risks, their impacts and likelihood are mentioned. Analysing the risk: On the basis of above process, where risk register is prepared, the analysis of risks are done. Here, the risk register is used as a base as it contains types of risks, their likelihood to appear and their impacts on supply chain management. These risks are analysed so as to understand their nature and various impacts that which are potential to affect the goals of supply chain. The collected information is analysed by the concerned manager and ways are found out for its solution (Olson and Wu, 2010). Evaluating and ranking risks: On the basis of risk register, the results obtained by combining outcomes of likelihood and consequences of risks are used for ranking the risks. Here, the cited firm makes an evaluation of risks so that a particular ranking can be done so as to make a decision regarding whether the risk is acceptable or needs urgent action for its treatment. On this basis of evaluation made for analysing impact of risks, the managers in supply chain management take various decisions (Nagurney, Masoumi and Yu, 2012). Treat the risk: As per the above step, in which the analysis is made for giving ranking to the risks on the basis of their seriousness are addressed for treatment. The highest ranked risk is taken on priority basis so as to undertake steps for its solution. These risks are treated in a way so as to minimise its impact or bringing it to the acceptable level. This is a crucial step in which decisions related to mitigating the risks and enhancing opportunities are taken. The contingency and preventive plans are prepared so as to treat the highest ranked risk as per the risk register. Monitoring and reviewing risk: This is the last step in entire process of risk management where the manager of mentioned enterprise makes some provisions so that he/ she can keep watch over the project risk register (Colicchia and Strozzi, 2012). This helps in monitoring entire process so that any new risk can be identified at earlier stages and appropriate measures can be adopted for their treatment in advance. From the studies, it has been discovered that supply chain consists of a wide number of risks as well as opportunities. Both risks and opportunities for an organisation have an impact on the entire chain. In addition to this there can be production related risks in cited venture and also procurement of the risks. Therefore, it is essential that steps are taken as per the nature of risks so that their management can also be done in appropriate manner. The number of risks and their management along with its likelihood and impacts can be studied properly within a risk register. Thus, the risk register related to the food supply chain can be developed in following manner (Nojavan and et.al., 2015). Sr.no. Risk description Cause Likelihood Impact Required action 1. Sometimes, timely delivery of food materials may not be received due to which food may get perished. There can be both controllable and uncontrollable reasons for such condition like unfavourable weather, loss in transit and delays due to heavy traffic or closure of roads (Olson and Wu, 2011). High The delay caused in timely delivery may impact the relationship between buyer and supplier firm. Besides this, the buyer organisation will have to face heavy losses in financial terms and loss of customers as well. To make arrangements of insurance so as to recover losses incurred from uncontrollable events. Besides this, order can be placed in well advance so as to keep a margin of some days in case of delay (Fu, Lee and Teo, 2010). 2. The quality of food and raw materials supplied can be of lower quality. The relation between buyer and supplier may not be sound because of which the supplier may not send the quality material. Besides this, the buyer may not have the contact with a good supplier. Moderate The consumers who get the end products may not get satisfied with the quality of product. This may increase dissatisfaction among the consumers and fir may get loss its customer base (Osipova and Eriksson, 2011). The firm must ensure that the procurement is made through a loyal supplier. Besides this, it is also essential that buyer shares all required information to the suppliers about quality of products in a proper way so as to get the desired quality product. 3. The enterprise sourcing raw materials and food must comply with the safety and quality standards along with regulatory laws which may result into lawful actions against the organisation (Dey, 2010). Sometimes, the companies may not meet the regulatory requirements and quality standards so as to operate at minimum cost of operations. Low In case of violating any food and safety law which may be intentional or unintentional, the lawful action may be taken against the firm. Thus, the goodwill of organisation may get impacted negatively resulting into loss of customers for the company. The entity may adopt an option of appointing a professional who can give advices related to laws and regulatory frameworks that are necessary to be complied with (Blome and Schoenherr, 2011). On the basis of above risk register, the organisation based on food sector can assess various risks and divide them on priority basis so as to mitigate them. In near future, the task of strengthening relationships between vendor and supplier with a wide network will have a significant importance. Therefore, it is crucial to adopt some concrete steps by the Edible solutions, so that deal between buyer and supplier can be handled in changing marketplace. Therefore, the stated venture has adopted the approach of Digital supply management which will support in cultivating different insights and capabilities. The said approach is based on developed business strategy with increased value of supply chain management (Xanthopoulos, Vlachos and Iakovou, 2012). Through leveraging analytics, digital manufacturing and logistics and reconfiguration for Supplier Relationship Management, procurement is proficient to sustain the business to exploit value in the upstream supply chain, whether it is in merchandise innovation, delivery superiority or product precision and sustainability. Conclusion The present report is based on managing risks related to the supply chain where the companies importing the food materials are at greater risk. It is evident that the organisations facing issues in managing risks related to certain and uncertain events use to adopt various approaches so as to mitigate risks. The report has discussed various models which conclude that supply chain management is affected by a number of factors. Therefore, it is crucial to manage different types of factors so as to minimise the happening of varied risks. The report has critically discussed the significance of various models which can help in managing different risks. References Blome, C. and Schoenherr, T., 2011. Supply chain risk management in financial crisesA multiple case-study approach. International journal of production economics, 134(1), pp.43-57. Chaturvedi, A. and Martnez-de-Albniz, V., 2011. Optimal procurement design in the presence of supply risk. Manufacturing Service Operations Management, 13(2), pp.227-243. Colicchia, C. and Strozzi, F., 2012. Supply chain risk management: a new methodology for a systematic literature review. Supply Chain Management: An International Journal, 17(4), pp.403-418. Dey, P.K., 2010. Managing project risk using combined analytic hierarchy process and risk map. Applied Soft Computing, 10(4), pp.990-1000. Fu, Q., Lee, C.Y. and Teo, C.P., 2010. Procurement management using option contracts: random spot price and the portfolio effect. IIE transactions, 42(11), pp.793-811. Giannakis, M. and Louis, M., 2011. A multi-agent based framework for supply chain risk management. Journal of Purchasing and Supply Management, 17(1), pp.23-31. Gurnani, H., Mehrotra, A. and Ray, S., 2012. Supply chain disruptions: Theory and practice of managing risk. London: Springer. Hong, P. and Kwon, H.B., 2012. Emerging issues of procurement management: a review and prospect. International Journal of Procurement Management 4, 5(4), pp.452-469. Kalvet, T. and Lember, V., 2010. Risk management in public procurement for innovation: the case of NordicBaltic Sea cities. InnovationThe European Journal of Social Science Research, 23(3), pp.241-262. Lavastre, O., Gunasekaran, A. and Spalanzani, A., 2012. Supply chain risk management in French companies. Decision Support Systems, 52(4), pp.828-838. Loch, C.H., DeMeyer, A. and Pich, M., 2011. Managing the unknown: A new approach to managing high uncertainty and risk in projects. John Wiley Sons. Merna, T. and Al-Thani, F.F., 2011. Corporate risk management. John Wiley Sons. Mwikali, R. and Kavale, S., 2012. Factors affecting the selection of optimal suppliers in procurement management. International Journal of humanities and social science, 2(14), pp.189-193. Nagurney, A., Masoumi, A.H. and Yu, M., 2012. Supply chain network operations management of a blood banking system with cost and risk minimization. Computational Management Science, 9(2), pp.205-231. Nojavan, S., Mehdinejad, M., Zare, K. and Mohammadi-Ivatloo, B., 2015. Energy procurement management for electricity retailer using new hybrid approach based on combined BICABPSO. International Journal of Electrical Power Energy Systems, 73, pp.411-419. Olson, D.L. and Wu, D., 2011. Risk management models for supply chain: a scenario analysis of outsourcing to China. Supply Chain Management: An International Journal, 16(6), pp.401-408. Olson, D.L. and Wu, D.D., 2010. Enterprise risk management models. Heidelberg: Springer. Osipova, E. and Eriksson, P.E., 2011. How procurement options influence risk management in construction projects. Construction Management and Economics, 29(11), pp.1149-1158. Pfohl, H.C., Khler, H. and Thomas, D., 2010. State of the art in supply chain risk management research: empirical and conceptual findings and a roadmap for the implementation in practice. Logistics research, 2(1), pp.33-44. Phillips, J., 2013. PMP, Project Management Professional (Certification Study Guides). McGraw-Hill Osborne Media. Sodhi, M.S., Son, B.G. and Tang, C.S., 2012. Researchers' perspectives on supply chain risk management. Production and operations management, 21(1), pp.1-13. Tang, O. and Musa, S.N., 2011. Identifying risk issues and research advancements in supply chain risk management. International journal of production economics, 133(1), pp.25-34. Waters, D., 2011. Supply chain risk management: vulnerability and resilience in logistics. Kogan Page Publishers. Xanthopoulos, A., Vlachos, D. and Iakovou, E., 2012. Optimal newsvendor policies for dual-sourcing supply chains: A disruption risk management framework. Computers Operations Research, 39(2), pp.350-357. Xu, H., 2010. Managing production and procurement through option contracts in supply chains with random yield. International Journal of Production Economics, 126(2), pp.306-313.

Sunday, December 1, 2019

The Death Penalty Essays (876 words) - Capital Punishment, Penology

The Death Penalty I feel that this type of punishment is cruel and unusual. in violation of the Eighth Amendment. I also say with the long wait on death row and the inefficiency of the system, criminals are not deterred by this treatment. In addition, they ask, where is the line drawn for crimes punishable by death? Out of 3,860 inmates executed from 1930 to 1980, 3380 were executed for murders; however, about 500 more were put to death for other crimes. There is also the possibility that a criminal might be put to death for a crime that another criminal in different state might have gotten a different punishment for. And more minorities and ethnic Americans are executed, for the same crimes, than white Americans. If people want to punish some one , I think killing really isn't going to do anything. When a person steps foot in the world of crime, they give up life. So how is stopping life and giving up life really different. Death will approach them anyway, the only different thing is who hand them it . I don't think Human have any right to take someone's life, even our own. If people want to punish these criminals, punish them in a way that they feel pain ,and agony, so that they ask for you to kill them. For the people who have no conscience, we need to create one for them, so they can at least know and feel the guilt of what they've done. As of September 24, the United States set a new record by executing seventy-six persons in 1999, more than in any year since the death penalty's reinstatement in 1976. Nearly half of the 1999 executions through September were carried out in Texas and Virginia. Among those executed in 1999 were foreign nationals, a juvenile offender, and individuals who may have been mentally ill or retarded. Approximately 3,500 people were on death row. Doubts about the death penalty were particularly acute in Illinois: three of the six persons exonerated on grounds of innocence and released from death row during 1999 had been tried and imprisoned there. Illinois' dramatic cases in 1999-one of the death row inmates had come within two days of execution five months before his exoneration-sparked a number of investigations into the state's use of the death penalty. Governor George Ryan also signed legislation devoting public funds for prosecution and defense in capital trials, including monies for attorneys, investigators, and forensic specialists. The US continued to be one of only six countries to execute persons who were younger than eighteen when the crimes for which they were sentenced were committed. The imposition of the death penalty on persons who were under eighteen years of age at the time of their offense violated the provisions of international and regional human rights treaties to which the United States is party. Despite nearly unanimous international condemnation of the use of the death penalty for juvenile offenders, six countries in the world-Iran, Nigeria, Pakistan, Saudi Arabia, the United States, and Yemen-were known to have executed juvenile offenders in the 1990s. The United States led the list with ten such executions between 1990 and 1999. In 1999, the United States carried out the execution of one juvenile offender, Sean Sellers, marking the first time in forty years that the United States has executed someone for crimes committed as a sixteen-year-old. Seventy juvenile offenders were on death row in the United States as of July 1, 1999. In positive developments, the highest court of the US state of Florida ruled that the imposition of the death penalty on sixteen-year-old offenders was cruel and unusual punishment in violation of the state constitution; and effective October 1, 1999, the state of Montana abolished the death penalty for those under eighteen at the time of their crimes. As a result, of the forty states that retained the death penalty after October 1999, six allowed offenders sixteen years of age or older to be put to death. Nineteen states limited the death penalty to those seventeen or older at the time of their crimes, and fifteen states restricted capital punishment to adult offenders. State authorities and US courts continued to disregard violations of the rights of defendants who were not US citizens. Under the Vienna Convention, these defendants were supposed to be advised, upon arrest, of their right to contact their embassies for assistance. In 1999, five foreign nationals were executed despite reports that their right

Tuesday, November 26, 2019

U,S. 1 E essays

U,S. 1 E essays Cultural cross-fertilization is the foundation on which the United States sits and has sat for hundreds of years. It is the mixing of cultures (English, African, Scots-Irish, Native American, etc.) that inevitably occurs when different groups of people live in the same area. The United States became the breeding grounds for different cultures well before it was even created. This cultural diversity grew tenfold when the population of the colonies started to grow to become  ½ the population of England. Groups other than the English started to migrate to the colonies, and these new cultures started to mix together to form a new American culture. This cross-fertilization of cultures has become what the U.S. is known for. Former ideas were primarily Eurocentric, such as the thought that America is just an extension of Europe. However, recent ideas from historians suggest that America has brought about a new, unique culture. This is the opinion expressed in the article called Varying Viewpoints: Europeanizing America or Americanizing Europe? The author provides very good and well-explained reasons as to why this opinion is correct. Examples of this cultural cross-fertilization can be found in society, even today. By being a 2nd generation American and the first member of my family to be a mix of heritages (German and Slovak), Im a great example of the unique culture of America. When compared to my parents, I have some aspects of both of their cultures and I also have some added ones. Religion is something that was taken from one of my parents cultures. My parents decided to go with my mothers religion, Roman Catholic, over my fathers religion, Russian Orthodox, when raising my sister and I. Although the religions are close, there are some distinct differences such as the preparations for Easter and the role of Easter in th ...

Friday, November 22, 2019

Server-Side Scripting in PHP

Server-Side Scripting in PHP Server-side scripting as it relates to web pages usually refers to PHP code that is executed on the web server before the data is passed to the users browser. In the case of PHP, all PHP code is executed server-side and no PHP code ever reaches the user. After the PHP code is executed, the information it outputs is embedded in the HTML, which is sent to the viewers web browser. One way to see this in action is to open one of your PHP pages in a web browser and then choose the View Source option. You see the HTML, but no PHP code. The result of the PHP code is there because it is embedded in the HTML on the server before the web page is delivered to the browser. Example PHP Code and Result While the server-side PHP file may contain all the code above, the source code and your browser only display the following information: My cat Spot and my dog Clif like to play together. Server-Side Scripting vs. Client-Side Scripting PHP isnt the only code that involves server-side scripting, and server-side scripting isnt limited to websites. Other server-side programming languages are Python, Ruby, C#, C, and Java. There are many instances of server-side scripting, which provides a customized experience for users. In comparison, client-side scripting operates with embedded scripts- JavaScript is the most familiar- that are sent from the web server to a users computer. All the client-side script processing takes place in a web browser on the end users computer. Some users disable client-side scripting due to security concerns.

Thursday, November 21, 2019

Media sociology Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Media sociology - Essay Example Distinguishing fans from ordinary audiences, Jenkins offered an ethnographic illustrations how fans used the media material as basis of their own stories, songs, videos and social exchanges within a rich and cultural network. Jenkins underscored that this type of reading as â€Å"poaching† is some form of a â€Å"raid on literary preserve that takes away only those things that seem useful or pleasurable to the reader.† (p. 471) Citing artifacts such as Star Trek and Star Wars, Jenkins points to how its followers became identified with a scandalous category in contemporary American culture, which provokes an excessive response from those committed to the interests of textual producers and the institutionalization of interpreters and the emergence of questions regarding the logic of by which others order their aesthetic experiences. (Jenkins, p. 471) Jenkins’ argument is that instead of people branding the fans as cultural dupes, social misfits, mindless consumers and other negative stereotypes, he suggested that they be called as â€Å"textual poachers.† â€Å"Interactivity† is one of the most important features of the new media. For instance, Manuel Castells (1999) illustrated how conventional mass media is characterized by one-way, undifferentiated messages through a limited number of channels. The new media system, however, rides on the wonders of technology in order to accommodate the audience’s participation in effect, creating what Castells call the â€Å"culture of real virtuality† phenomenon. According to him, â€Å"while, there is oligopolistic concentration of multimedia groups around the world, there is at the same time, market segmentation, and increasing interaction by and among the individuals that break up the uniformity of a mass audience.† (p. 403) The above issue also brings us to the globalization of the new

Tuesday, November 19, 2019

Russia and Central Asian Water by John C.K. Daly Assignment

Russia and Central Asian Water by John C.K. Daly - Assignment Example In the meantime, Russian economic security has been depleted by the loss of many of its previous territories, these â€Å"Stan† nations, and therefore cannot invest currently in creating a cascade system so that all nations can enjoy this scarce resource. Uzbekistan and others who support this particular country’s position believe that the freshwater reserves should be classified as transboundary rivers which make them open to international rules and regulations regarding its usage. However, this appears to be a weak argument that does not meet with appropriate resolution under diplomatic strategy. A scarce resource such as water which is needed desperately for human health reasons and food production seems to make individuals proverbially grasp at straws as a means to ensure their continued longevity, agricultural health and human survival. In an effort to try to deal with the issue and formulate some diplomatic or economic solution, five countries in the region create d the Interstate Coordinating Water Commission in 1992 to try to create a solution that would best fit every country’s needs (Daly). However, after many meetings since its inception, hardly any regionally-based solution has been developed, thus allowing these disputes to continue. The main problem in this case is that no nation who is disputing the water’s usage maintains the economic resources, financially, to ensure that appropriate facilities are created to better allocate this scarce resource.

Saturday, November 16, 2019

Playmobil Toysâ€the Secret to the Years of Toy Craze Essay Example for Free

Playmobil Toys—the Secret to the Years of Toy Craze Essay A little over a century ago, you wouldn’t believe that Playmobil, one of the most loved toy companies, started out as a lock and fitting company originally called Metallwarenfabrik. It was founded by Andreas Brandstatter, a locksmith in Zindorf, Germany. It had a few years of great track record and was not only manufacturing locks, they were even manufacturing cash registers, telephones and other various sheet metal products coincidentally to be used for toy establishments. In the 1950s, the current owner of the company, Horst Branstatter shifted the company into plastic manufacturing and joined in on the Hula Hoop Craze, which is incidentally the start of an international craze for Playmobil Toys. But one question comes to mind, why do kids and parents go crazy for these Toys? For one, the company’s ideal for toys stem from its roots of lock and metal fitting—collecting all the right pieces and fitting them together to complete a set. Its collectability is one of its greatest marketing strategy. Same for the kids, it is a matter of pride once you manage to complete a set. Typically, most toy sets would have one center piece for the set and have multiple accessories. Each and every piece would have its individual uniqueness. The fun of having a toy is being able to divulge into a world of imagination using it as a medium. A single piece has complete functionality to fulfil its role on the set’s storyline, having functioning parts that can interact with its fellow toy pieces. This allows children of all ages to use their imagination to its full extent, giving never-ending fun on the part of the kids and a satisfied smile on their parents’ lips.

Thursday, November 14, 2019

Preventing Air Pollution Essay -- Environment, Toxic, Ecology Essays

Preventing Air Pollution Air Pollution is a problem nation wide. The pollution hangs over our cities and is harmful and destroys living things and materials. Diesel exhaust is one of the most dangerous sources of air pollution. This type of pollution comes from on road vehicles such as large trucks and buses although factories, construction equipment and farms are big polluters too. Pollution from diesel engines contributes to about 80% of the added cancer risk from toxic air pollution nationwide. A main pollution problem has typically been high levels of smoke and sulphur dioxide arising from the burning of smoke and sulphur dioxide arising of sulphur containing fossil fuels, such as coal, oil, and gas for domestic and industrial purpose. Here are the equations for the gases Sulphur+oxygen+water = sulphuric acid This is very bad to breath in and additionally destroys rubbers and metals. It comes from fossil fuels. Carbon + oxygen = carbon monoxide This is a very poisonous gas, which comes from vehicles. Furthermore soot is a common air polluter, which mixes with fog to make smog, which when breathed in, is very bad for our lungs. It is even most unpleasant in valleys as it hangs in the air for longer. When the pollution goes into the air it is known as an inversion layer, which can be transported for miles by wind killing and destroying on its journey. When the pollution attacks things that aren't living it can damage many things like, bike tyres, power line insulation, paint on buildings and makes spots on car paint via acid rain. Scientists have discovered that air pollution from the burning of fossil fue... ...trogen oxides that are releases into the air. So that means to reduce the emissions of fossil fuels. If people use less power and drive their vehicles less that will be a start to reduce acid rain. If everyone bought energy efficient appliances, bought energy efficient house or upgrade old houses to be energy efficient, take transit to work with 3-4 people in it instead of 3-4 cars, ride a bike, or walk it would make the air a lot cleaner to breathe. Certain types of chimneys can be built called static chimneys which when the pollution from the fossil fuels blow up then it sticks to the sides of the chimney, then got rid of in a solid form. If every person in the world would do this we help dramatically to reduce acid rain. Meaning it to be easier to breath and higher populations of fish, trees, plant life and animals.

Tuesday, November 12, 2019

Gay Marriage Essay

Marriage as defined by Chambers 21st Century Dictionary is one the state or relationship of being husband and wife, two the act or legal contract of becoming husband and wife and three the civil or religious ceremony during which this act is performed; a wedding. Gay marriage has been a topic that has been discussed in the United States for several years now. You have people that have different viewpoints on how they feel about gay marriage more so the big question everyone argues is whether it is right or wrong. We will be discussing gay marriage in this paper focusing on the ethical problems this issue faces. We will look at gay marriage from the deontology theory and then contract the theory from the relativism, emotivism and ethical egoism theory. Lastly I will discuss which of these views I discussed is closer to my view on gay marriage. Growing up I was always told marriage is between a man and a woman and that God wants us to be married and be fruitful and multiply, fruitful meaning having children. This is something that I was told by my parents, grandparents and the church. I chose to discuss gay marriage because it is really something that I have conflicting feelings about based on what I think is right and what I have been told is right, when I was growing up as a young child in a Christian environment. Many Christians quote that God found it unacceptable for same sex relations to take place, because it is wrong. Furthermore, God created woman for man and man for woman, not woman for woman or man for man, as stated in the book of Genesis. You have polls that have been conducted where people still think that gay marriage is wrong. Then religion may be one of the most controversial issues regarding gay marriage, many religions find gay marriage to be immoral and a sin. I think that same sex marriage should be allowed although many of my family and friends wouldn’t agree with my choice. I look at the issue like any other issue that our country has faced like women suffrage and slavery. I don’t think a couple should be discriminated or treated unfairly just because of their sexual preference. The United States of America Constitute states that all men are created equal and have certain unalienable rights. Thomas Jefferson offered as his examples of such rights â€Å"life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness† (Mosser, 2010). So shouldn’t same sex couples be allowed to have those same rights, shouldn’t they be able to enjoy the life of an American dream that we all aim to achieve. By not being able to pursue these rights we could look at this as a violation of the Constitution. This can present an ethical problem for same sex marriage. Deontology ethics claims that the way to decide if an action is moral is to examine the intentions. Mosser writes that â€Å"deontology looks at the reason for which an act is done, and the rule according to which one chooses to act. Deontology doesn’t deny that acts have consequences; rather, it insists that those consequences should not play a role in our moral evaluation of such acts† (Mosser, 2010). Any time there is an ethical issue there is an ethical problem to follow that issue. First ethical problem we will look at is gay parenting. Many people believe that children being raised by gay parents will deprive them of normal development. Many Americans believe gay men and lesbians should not have or adopt children and that children would not develop â€Å"correctly† with homosexual parents, although research has shown that same-gender couples are as nurturing and capable of parental obligations as other couples. † (Avery, Chase, Johansson, Litvak, Montero, & Wydra, 2007). In the article Children Raised, 2001 a â€Å"study of 55 children–19 ra ised by lesbian couples, 10 by single mothers, and 26 by heterosexual couples–found uniformity among the categories vis-a-vis social skills, well-being, and academic performance†. I feel as long as a child is being raise by people who love them whether they are male or female and if they are being raised by a same sex couple the love the child would get from both parents won’t deprive them of any development deprivation. Although many children may experience some form of negativity from other people like classmates or people who may be against gay marriage. You might hear sometimes how children don’t understand why their parents can’t be married or they treated indifferently or talked about because their parents are gay. Another problem we have is with control. Society deems that is okay for a heterosexual couple to be out in public hugging and kissing each other in public. You have some cities or states that may prohibit this action for homosexual couples. Society sees this as wrong and I think that is why you have a lot of people who are afraid to come out and say that they are gay. Nowadays people are just a little more open to discuss their sexuality as before they were not because they were afraid of the repercussion that they may face. It is even worst for those who are in high power position like celebrities, government officials or people who may be well known throughout the community, as soon as they reveal that they may be gay it is plastered all over the news media, social networking sites and various magazines. It is really bad when they say oh this person was out holding hands or seen kissing his partner out in public. It is easier if you leave in a state that is more receptive to this like California, New York and Massachusetts. You really won’t see this behavior being favored in the Bible belt (the south). My thing is leave them alone if they chose that lifestyle that is their choice, they should be allowed like any other person in this country to freely walk out in public and hold hands and share a kiss. Now another problem is that some people believe that a same-sex couple raising children could destroy the family and social background that our society currently accepts with an opposite-sex couple. I think a child could still develop normally when they are provided the same love and nurturing necessities of life when provided by either couple whether gay or straight. A child needs love and encouragement to grow and flourish as an individual and that can be provided by people whether gay or straight. The environment a person is raised in does contribute to the type of person that they become, if they are receiving love, support and being nurtured by a gay couple it’s no different than opposite couples. Couples whether gay or straight will have that influence to teach a child what is wrong and what is right in life. As a child spend time with family members whether, gay or straight this will be part of the development process to teach a child who they are. I think a child growing up in a same-sex marriage or relationship will allow a child to learn tolerance and acceptance. They will be more prone to accepting things that others may not and be able to tolerate things more than others, cause having a child in an opposite-sex marriage or relationship they may not learn those same values as much as the other person. Same sex marriage would benefit children by increasing the durability and stability of their parents’ relationship. This will also bring increased social acceptable of and support for same-sex families, although those communities that meet gay marriage with rejection or hostility might not materialize. There really is no evidence that heterosexual couples are any more effective than same-sex couples at raising children. Religion is another ethical problem that we must look at when it comes to gay marriage. Religion as defined by Collins English dictionary is â€Å"belief in, worship of, or obedience to a supernatural power or powers to be divine or to have control of human destiny. Two any formal or institutionalized expression of such belief: the Christian religion. Lastly the attitude and feeling of one who believes in a transcendent controlling power or powers. Religion teaches us to believe in god or God or whoever we may believe in, it also teaches us kindness towards others, patience, tolerance and many other things to help us in our daily lives. Religion also teaches us to be able to accept other that may not be the same as us. Some people, including Christians, Jews, Catholics, etic†¦believe that it is wrong for people of the same sex to have a loving relationship with each other. I think each religion might have different interpretation on the teachings that is in the Bible, once religion ay interpret a section of the Bible one why while another will interpret that same section a different way. Does it might either religion right or wrong? No, it doesn’t it is one person interpretation over another. Growing up in a Christian environment it was quoted from the Bible that God found it unacceptable for same-sex relations to take place, because it is lustful and wrong. Then it says that God created man for woman and woman for man not man for man or woman for woman. As a Christian many people say that the primary purpose of marriage is procreation to be fruitful and multiple and that cannot take place in a gay marriage. Equal protection is another problem. The federal government responsibility is to protect and keep all citizens safe, this includes protection under the law. Religion has played a factor in influencing the votes of government officials to ensure equal protection under the law for heterosexuals but not for homosexuals. Bickford states that religious views continuously look down on homosexuality and condemn it. These views continue to influence the American government and the choices made when voting on laws for equal protection. Our government was formed on the basis of separation of church and state but some people are not able to accept that. So why is our government so influenced by religious organization in dictating what action they should take when it comes to voting on these laws? I don’t know if they fear that they would be retaliated against or loose support or funding from religious organizations. I know everyone is entitled to their own religious beliefs but to allow those beliefs to harm citizens in our country is unacceptable and it isn’t right. These actions cause hatred to spread throughout our country because of that. The government says that every citizen of the United States shall receive equal rights. Now why did the government pass out the defense of marriage act? The Defense of Marriage Act prohibits the federal government from recognizing same-sex marriages. I think this act is immoral and unfair because it restricts the rights of gay and lesbian citizens. This act should not have been passed because there really isn’t a reason to justify that act. Mosser states â€Å"The deontologist argues that we have a duty, or an obligation, to treat other people with respect; human beings have dignity, and we must take that dignity into consideration when dealing with them. (We also expect others to respect our dignity when they deal with us. ) As the most famous deontologist, Immanuel Kant (1724—1804), put the point, we should never treat another person only as a means to our ends, or goals, but should regard them as ends in themselves. In other words, I can’t simply use a person to get what I want nor can someone use me to get what he or she wants. We have to consider that other person’s needs and desires, respect them, and try to avoid violating them† (Mosser, 2010). The deontologist in this aspect would resolve gay marriage as stating that all human beings should be treated equally. They are human beings so they should be treated the same way that others are being treated. If a woman and a man is able to marry then a man and a man or a woman and a woman should have that same option. A deontologist would also argue that a person shouldn’t be treated differently just because of their sexual preferences. Deontology is like living your life by a set of rules. Now the rules can be used to push yourself into doing the â€Å"right† thing, even if you’d rather not. Now this would help by saying gay marriage is right and it is the right thing to do for same-sex couples, however there will always be exceptions, and this is where the theory falls flat on its face. You will always have someone who will debate this theory. Relativism is the idea that one’s beliefs and values are understood in terms of one’s society, culture, or even one’s own individual values. (Mosser, 2010). Now relativism on the other hand would say for gay marriage that what’s wrong for gay marriage is not necessarily wrong for someone else. Therefore, you have no right to tell two men or two women that they cannot marry, just because you feel personally that it is wrong. What you believe and hold as true is not necessary what someone else believes and holds as true. Relativism would argue that same-sex couples ould argue that marriage is right because this is what they believe in it is part of their values and beliefs. Relativism says that no matter how you argue a point even if every point is completely proven you cannot change someone’s beliefs. This will not work because it is their belief based on how they were raised, religion or even their social influences. I feel that at people whether heterosexual or homosexual should be afforded the same rights under the law of our Constitution. I just wish people would put their differences to the side when it comes to this topic about gay marriage. What really makes me upset is Christian people that I know in my family and at the church they are so quick to judge someone else and say it isn’t right but I am quick to remind them that we are all sinners. Even though you may not like the lifestyle someone chose to leave you can’t make that person change who they are. If they chose to be with another man or another woman that is their prerogative. Then they are so quick to get upset with the government when it comes to these issues. Everyone wants to bring church into politics. I really thing that is a sticky situation and it is so tough given the country that we live in because of the diversity that our country has experienced. I just feel that if someone choses and wants to marry someone from the opposite sex let them. I would say the theory that closely match my belief given the two that I discussed is relativism. I don’t see how gay marriage would bring harm to children that are being raised by gay parents. I don’t think same-sex couples should be deprived of certain benefits or rights because of their sexual orientation. In the article in USA today for gay marriage it states â€Å"But preventing gay parents from marrying hurts their kids, as does denying them equal rights to insurance and Social Security benefits, says Aimee Gelnaw, executive director of the Family Pride Coalition† (Elias, 2004). Why should we deny them these rights that they should be entitled to? If two people want to get married, neither society nor the government should be involved. Religion should stop having such a big influence of political policies and the deeper the donation the more they lean towards pleasing that particular religion. As stated earlier our Country’s constitution allows for the pursuit of life, liberty and the pursuit of happiness. Nothing gives one person the right to decide what is wrong and what is right when it comes to same-sex couples. What would it be like if the Constitution only allowed certain types of people to be married like only people who tall and has blond hair or black hair. What if they put some stipulation that only whites can marry or only blacks. I am sure that would cause an outrage and scram discrimination. See this is what happens when our government puts limitations on its citizens. This papers has identified some of the ethical problems with gay marriage we have examined what gay marriage is like using the deontology and theory and contrasted it with the relativism theory. I am not gay but I think that a person should be able to choose who they want to be with. I don’t think they should be discriminated against, and at the end of the day it is their choice who they decide they want a relationship with, whether it be a person of the same or opposite sex. Society is so caught up in being in everyone business and who is doing what we want to tell people this is the right way to live or you should do things this way because it is right. Who is to say what that something might be better or right for someone else? Lets’ stop forcing our values and beliefs on others and allow people to be who there are. If they are Christian and they are gay or whatever religion they may be I say leave that between them and their god we should not be the ones judging or condemning them because of something that they believe in or desire. We are no better than the next person.

Saturday, November 9, 2019

Cognitive development and Aging Paper Essay

As people age their bodies go through a lot of changes physically as well as psychologically. As humans age normally they undergo changes in their brain which affect cognitive functioning and development. Each person is different so the age-related changes in the structure of the brain and in its function as well as in cognition and cognitive domains are not uniform across the whole brain, nor are the uniform across individuals. This means that some of the changes that a person goes through due to aging another person may not experience. The two basic cognitive functions that are affected most by a person aging is attention and memory (Glisky, 2007). The thing that a person needs to know is that memory and attention are not unitary functions; there are multiple parts to both functions some of which may not be affected by a person aging while others are affected. According to the Glisky (2007), perception in a person as the person ages declines due to declining sensory capacities whic h can impact the cognitive functions later in a person. Perception is a person’s senses such as touch, sight, taste, and smells which is why some people believe that it is actually a precognition function. According to Anderson (2010), perception is the sensory experience of the world around individuals which involve recognition of environmental stimuli as well as actions in response to the stimuli. What this means is that as a person goes through life they recognize things such as sounds, smells, people, etc. and they react accordingly to these things based on their perceptions of them. When this function starts to decline with a person’s age the person starts to lose the ability to recognize things. Attention is a basic cognitive process but a complex one that has multiple sub-processes for different aspects of attention processes (Glisky, 2007). Attention is involved in almost all of the other cognitive domains in some way or another, up until a person starts to preform automatic or habitual  behaviors. Up until the time a person is completely tasks or behaviors that have become habit, such as knowing how much milk to put into a person’s coffee, then attention is inv olved in nearly all aspects. This means that as a person starts to age and their attention begins to decline there are broad-reaching effects that take place to a person’s ability to function efficiently and adequately in daily life (Glisky, 2007). Of attention divided attention has shown to have a significant decline in performance when linked with a person’s increase of age, especially when the tasks people are being asked to complete become more complex. According to Anderson (2010), as adults age significant impairments become apparent on their attentional tasks especially those requiring the person to divide or switch attention among different tasks or multiple inputs. While older adults tend to be slower on performance tasks then younger adults they are not impaired by distraction being able to maintain concentration for a concentrated period of time. According to Anderson (2010), older adults tend to show impairment on task which requires flexible control of attention, a cognitive function associated with the frontal lobes of the brain. What this means that if a person has to have attention divided among two or more processes or the person needs to switch attention from one thing to another in older adults this fu nction may become more impaired and less easy for the older adults to perform. A task like driving which requires the person to have attention focused on several different things becomes difficult for the adult to perform adequately. Memory is another process of cognitive functioning that may become impaired as a person gets older. According to Glisky (2007), memory is a multidimensional cognitive construct that is believed to be a fundamental source of age-related deficits in a variety of cognitive tasks such as long-term memory LTM, problem-solving, language, and decision making. All of these tasks are listed under working memory which is a limited capacity system that is relatively short-term and is responsible for active manipulation of information being maintained currently in attention. This means that working memory is taking the information that a person has at attention and processing the information into a short limited memory while the person needs it. Tasks such as making decisions, solving problems, and even the process of planning behaviors to achieve goals are all tasks that may be affected by aging as a person finds it’s harder to  actively manipulate and organize information in working m emory. According to Glisky (2007), aging specifically affects episodic memory, or more specifically events or experiences from a person’s past. Memories of past events though the person believes that they are fully intact may actually just be general core information but lacks in details of the event or experience that took place. Additionally, processes like encoding and retrieval of memory, or context of information, demands attentional resources that may be lacking. An older adult might find that they are unable to process information into memory, having a harder time retrieving things from memory, and are unable to process context of memory such as if they read it somewhere or were a part of the actual event. The aging process of a person impacts the person’s cognitive abilities greatly. Age-related changes though not universal among every person may affect a person’s cognitive functioning and domains greatly. Deficits and declines happen during the aging process in individuals which accounts for the slowed or impaired processes in older individuals. Much of the cognitive functioning that has been studied and shows decline is in attention and memory of individuals. The thing that a person needs to know is that memory and attention are not unitary functions; there are multiple parts to both functions some of which may not be affected by a person aging while others are affected. There is still much information that needs to be studied for a better understanding into the cognitive processes as they relate to aging. References Anderson, J. R. (2010). Cognitive psychology and its implications (7th ed.). New York, NY: Worth Publishers Glisky, E. (2007). Brain Aging: Models, Methods, and Mechanisms.. Bethesda, MD: Taylor & Francis Group, LLC.

Thursday, November 7, 2019

Formal Paper Ap Government Essays

Formal Paper Ap Government Essays Formal Paper Ap Government Essay Formal Paper Ap Government Essay Interest groups are groups of people that work together on the behalf of a particular belief or topic. They have had an increasingly large impact on American politics. One interest group that is currently experiencing a lot of power is the National Organization of Women, also known as NOW. They fight very strongly for the rights of all women no matter her background or ethnicity. The National Organization of Women was founded in 1966 by 28 men and women including Betty Friedan, Pauli Murray, and Shirley Chisholm. The statement of purpose that they came up with to define what they are fighting for states â€Å"The purpose of NOW is to take action to bring women into full participation in the mainstream of American society now, exercising all privileges and responsibilities thereof in truly equal partnership with men. † Their membership holds 500,000 members that are scattered across the country. There are 5,987 chapters in 47 states, not including Hawaii, North Dakota, and Maine, and in Washington D. C. In order to become a member, one simply goes on the website and fills out an application then makes a donation. NOW gets their money from two main sources; fundraisers and donations from members. In order to achieve their agenda items, the organizers of NOW take the time to call each of their members to keep them up to date on the current issues as well as try to persuade them who to vote for in upcoming elections. Currently, NOW members are pushing for the support of the Fair Elections Now Act. : Their website reads, â€Å"Save Our Democracy Support the Fair Elections Now Act† and goes n to explain the purpose of the act and why women should vote for it. They use very strong language as well as a play on emotions in their articles because they know that the vast majority of their supporters are women that can be greatly affected through the way that NOW states its issues. A major issue that NOW is currently facing is abortion rights and reproduction problems. The members fully support access to sage and legal abortion. They also believe that birth control, emergency contraception, reproductive health services, and education should be available to all women. They oppose all attempts to make these things unavailable or illegal. The speakers of NOW affirm that reproductive rights are issues of life and death, not mere matters of choice. They believe that women are fully capable of making decisions about their own bodies and sexuality free from government interference. Violence against women is another issue that NOW feels very strongly about. They believe that all efforts to â€Å"keep women in their place† including domestic violence, sexual assault, sexual harassment, violence at abortion clinics, hate crimes across lines of gender, sexuality or race, the gender bias in our judicial system, and the violence of poverty emphasized by the radical right’s attacks on poor women and children, are wrong and should be stopped. These things not only effect the woman that was acted against, but also the women surrounding her as they see what might happen to them out in the world. Even though NOW realizes that there are other crimes of violence being committed against other groups, they feel that fighting violence against women would affect the most people country wide. NOW also fights for racial and ethnic diversity. They claim to being committed to diversifying their movement and continuing to fight for equal opportunities for women of color in all areas. They strongly disapprove of racism and discrimination. Another issue that NOW has committed to fighting is lesbian rights. They oppose all discrimination based on sexual orientation or gender in all areas including employment, housing, public accommodations, health services, child custody, and military policies. They promote positive images in the media and education on the effects of homophobia. NOW wants the rights of equal marriage to apply to all. Currently, NOW has a campaign going on called Love Your Body. It is a women’s health project that provides information on different things that could affect a woman’s life like drugs and alcohol, being overweight, acne, HIV/AIDS, and eating disorders. This campaign provides statistics, definitions, problems, and even ways to cope with such issues. It is trying to show women that its okay to not look like models on TV and in magazines and to get them comfortable being who they really are. It also tries to instill confidence in the everyday woman. They think that more confident women will be more likely to get up and vote and stand up for what they believe in. : www. nowfoundation. org www. now. org

Tuesday, November 5, 2019

A Profile of the Karabiner 98k

A Profile of the Karabiner 98k The Karabiner 98k was the last in a long line of rifles designed for the German military by Mauser. Tracing its roots to the Lebel Model 1886, the Karabiner 98k was most directly descended from the Gewehr 98 (Model 1898) which first introduced an internal, metallic five-cartridge magazine. In 1923, the Karabiner 98b was introduced as the primary rifle for the post-World War I German military. As the Treaty of Versailles prohibited the Germans from producing rifles, the Karabiner 98b was labeled a carbine despite the fact that it was essentially an improved Gewehr 98. In 1935, Mauser moved to upgrade the Karabiner 98b by altering several of its components and shortening its overall length. The result was the Karabiner 98 Kurz (Short Carbine Model 1898), better known as the Karabiner 98k (Kar98k). Like its predecessors, the Kar98k was a bolt-action rifle, which limited its rate of fire, and was relatively unwieldy. One change was the shift to using laminated stocks rather than single pieces of wood, as testing had shown that plywood laminates were better at resisting warping. Entering service in 1935, over 14 million Kar98ks were produced by the end of World War II. Specifications Cartridge: 7.92 x 57 mm (8 mm Mauser)Capacity: 5-round stripper clip inserted into an internal magazineMuzzle Velocity: 760 m/secEffective Range: 547 yards, 875 yards with opticsWeight: 8-9 lbs.Length: 43.7 in.Barrel Length: 23.6 in.Attachments: Knife Bayonet S84/98, rifle grenades German and World War II Usage The Karabiner 98k saw service in all theaters of World War II that involved the German military, such as Europe, Africa, and Scandinavia. Though the Allies moved towards using semi-automatic rifles, such as the M1 Garand, the Wehrmacht retained the bolt-action Kar98k with its small five-round magazine. This was largely due to their tactical doctrine which emphasized the light machine gun as the basis of a squads firepower. In addition, the Germans frequently preferred to use submachine guns, like the MP40, in close combat or urban warfare. In the final year and a half of the war, the Wehrmacht began phasing out the Kar98k in favor of the new Sturmgewehr 44 (StG44) assault rifle. While the new weapon was effective, it was never produced in sufficient numbers and the Kar98k remained the primary German infantry rifle until the end of hostilities. In addition, the design also saw service with the Red Army which purchased licenses to manufacture them prior to the war. While few were produced in the Soviet Union, captured Kar98ks were used widely by the Red Army during its early war arms shortage. Postwar Use Following World War II, millions of Kar98ks were captured by the Allies. In the West, many were given to rebuilding nations to rearm their militaries. France and Norway adopted the weapon and factories in Belgium, Czechoslovakia, and Yugoslavia began producing their own versions of the rifle. Those German weapons taken by the Soviet Union were kept in case of a future war with NATO. Over time, many of these were given to nascent communist movements around the world. Many of these ended up in Vietnam and were used by the North Vietnamese against the United States during the Vietnam War. Elsewhere, the Kar98k ironically served with the Jewish Haganah and later, the Israeli Defense Forces in the late 1940s and 1950s. Those weapons that were obtained from captured German stockpiles had all Nazi iconography removed and replaced with IDF and Hebrew markings. The IDF also purchased large stocks of Czech and Belgian-produced versions of the rifle. In the 1990s, the weapons were again deployed during the conflicts in former Yugoslavia. While no longer used by militaries today, the Kar98k is popular with shooters and collectors.

Sunday, November 3, 2019

Factors of production and circular flow of income Coursework

Factors of production and circular flow of income - Coursework Example These factors are divided into four main categories: Land is the first category; land entails all the natural resources. Labor is another factor which simply refers to man power or human resources available for production through the utilization of natural resources and others. The third factor is capital also referred to as the man-made resources. Last but not least is Enterprise; which combines the other three factors or resources for production purpose. The factors are also classified in terms of management, money, materials and machines (Gitman, & McDaniel, 2009, Pg. 5). Where management depicts land resources, machines refer to labor, capital is equated to materials and enterprise to money. They are termed as factors of production since they are scarce resources, which are useful for the creation of services and goods, though, not for immediate and direct satisfaction of human needs. Economists simplify the different sorts of factors of production into broad categories to assist in understanding these factors of production. Land as a factor of production involves anything that comes from it. The most common land resources include water, oil, minerals, forests, gas and others. The land resources form the raw resources or materials in the production process. Natural resources are classified in three kinds such as chemical nature, their availability and abundances and lastly their distribution. Chemical nature resources entail inorganic resources such as air, minerals and water. Organic resources of the chemical nature refer to animals, plants, microorganisms and fossil fuels. The last chemical nature category includes mixed resources like soils. The other category of land resources is abundance and availability which entails in exhaustible or exhaustible resources. Exhaustible resources entails renewable and non-renewable, whereas renewable resources can sustain themselves or be replaced if properly managed. Non-renewable resources are lost forever once has been used. The distribution category involves national, multinational and international resources, which are used to create resources. The revenue that resource proprietors receive in return for land amenities is known as rent. The next factor of production to analyze is labor. Labor as a factor of production is the effort that human beings contribute to the production of services and goods. Labor resources encompass the activities of the people to facilitate service provision and production of goods to assist in day to day activities. Labor resources are almost contributed by people who have attained age of working to earn. This is because economist says that if one has ever been paid for the work he or she did then in that way has contributed labor resources; thus, has enabled production of goods and services. The income obtained from labor resources is referred to as wages and forms the greatest source of income for the majority. The third resource of production is capital. Accor ding to economist, capital as a factor of production refers to tools, machineries or other instruments that humans use to produce goods and services. Capital as a resource of production differs; this is because different services and goods require different resources to produce them. The income that is gained from capital as a fact

Thursday, October 31, 2019

Masculinity Exhibited in Advertisements Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Masculinity Exhibited in Advertisements - Essay Example This "Masculinity Exhibited in Advertisements" essay outlines masculinity depiction in different ads. The days of dry statistical display in advertisements are gone. On going through centuries of developments encompassing several ups and downs, like pre industrial revolution, post industrial revolution, Great Depression of World War II, advertisement has grown to adopt story-telling as the finest form of its execution, in which culture and gender occupy key roles.(O’Guinn et al, 2009) The motivation research being carried out in the field of advertisements by several business concern still have their vigour. The types of media have also grown exponentially to keep the consumer populace at its grip. Through ages culture is the soul of advertising everywhere. The dry depiction of mere information gave way to pictorial display of youth especially women. For many decades women played the core of business advertisements even to promote sales of products that were purely for men. Th e advents of lesbianism and gay culture have introduced the knack of understanding what gender means really in a business society. Masculinity was felt need not be kept behind the screen for a long time. Men are pictured either as care taking father/son or as anarchic, seducers, warriors and rogues with extraordinary physical strength and pomp. However, certain advertisers depict men with both pomp and responsibility bearing appearance. No more rebellious images are mixed with this type of responsible bearing men. In the contemporary image of masculinity, the idea of a caring, loving and gentle man is not a taboo but integral in the current image of masculinity. RALPH LAUREN: Ralph products are of course, very nice that they provide a sense of different feel at different timings. This aspect is mainly centred on the quality of the product; however, the advertisement team had brainstormed to inculcate this factual information into the minds of consumers with hectic experiments. A clo se look on the Polo advertisements of Ralph Lauren would reveal the hidden facet of womanliness in man. If you imagine a young woman wear the same costume, then also the product would look very nice. This type of opposite gender attraction has tactfully been employed in the advertisements of Ralph. Fashion and beauty no more enjoy the sole propriety of woman hood. Ralph had cleverly combined the flair for fashion with the taste of tradition. Even in the designing of women’s wear, Ralph Lauren added the Polo logo. The loosely cladding belt in this advertisement provides a mere manly look to the product. The Polo logo in women’s wear had tremendously attracted women too and made a great hit. Usages of masculine tint in his advertisements for women’s wear have effortlessly fetched greater results. Ralph Lauren’s advertisement for men’s wear invariably hinted men’s quest for soft touch, while loudly exhibiting the toughness of masculinity. This was made possible by way of underpinning womanliness inherently running inside every man. Likewise, women’s wears were advertised with men’s touch. A perfect blend was meticulously calculated and harnessed in the advertis

Tuesday, October 29, 2019

Do you have to believe in Reason to believe in Democracy Essay

Do you have to believe in Reason to believe in Democracy - Essay Example 42). Therefore, an individual is able to make logic, justify his or her actions and have personal beliefs. This is based on the information that is existent. Philosophy considers reason as rational (Swanson 35). Therefore, cognition, intellect and thinking are part of the reason. Arguably, reason leads to actions or habits that are a person’s thinking. Consequently, one can judge a situation just or unjust, good or bad (Copp et al. 48). In summary, reason and democracy are two different aspects but with a connection yet cannot be said to be tightly linked. Democracy has its connection to rights and freedom to do what one desires. However, freedom and rights come with responsibilities according to democracy (Swanson 55). Consequently, people in democratic nations have the freedom to speech, live, assemble and do other things in accordance with the highest rule of law. Additionally, democracy is also a human right because it gives citizens the free will to carry on their mandate s. Moreover, democracy also protects the basic rights of people. Therefore, democracy is a principle mandate that most governments try to uphold. In summary, democracy is all about the rights and freedom of people. A government that is democratic has power but is accountable to the public. However, this accountability raises concerns because the government should respond to the voice of the citizens (Swanson 63). Consequently, forms of democracy that exist are direct and representative democracy (Held 80). Direct democracy means citizens can actively and directly participate the making of decisions within the government. On the other hand, there is a representative democracy where a set body has sovereignty of power (Held 80). These forms are to help in the representation of the people. Interestingly, this form of modern democracy is common today. In summary, democracy can be either direct or representative but still represents the will of the people. The sole principle in democracy is the equity and freedom of the people. This means that every citizen is equal before the law and the legislative process (Copp et al. 52). Therefore, every person is equal to the other. However, upward control, social norms and political equity are the fundamental principles (Copp et al. 54). As a result, the government reflects equality through these principles. Therefore, democracy allows citizens to be fully part in the life of the society. Democracy often characterizes the majority rule. As a result, the minorities within the government have the tyranny of the majority (Held 197). This is when the protection of a group or individual rights protection. On the other hand, democracy entails elections, which mainly are competitive. Additionally, democratic elections allow people their freedom of speech, political expression and press (Held 201). The citizens are eligible since they serve the interest of the people. In summary, democracy in the modern world entails the majority ru le and their tyranny as they enhance the freedom of the people. Reason is a substance that makes a judgment of a person’s behavior. It helps in arguments since it creates the sense of logic (Manktelow 15). Therefore, attitudes, institutions and traditions play a role in the creation of reason. Moreover, reason is associates with freedom and determinism. According to scientists, the cognition enhances reason in the

Sunday, October 27, 2019

The Commodification And Commercialization Of Youth Culture Cultural Studies Essay

The Commodification And Commercialization Of Youth Culture Cultural Studies Essay Youth is the promise of possibility. It is the freedom to act on impulse. It is a time to establish identity and desire. At least that is what youth presently represents in dominant Western culture. Youth, as a concept rather than an age group, is often used as a signifier to represent freedom, efficiency, promise, possibility, rebellion, strength, endurance, potential, beauty, freshness, innocence. Youth keeps on meaning different things at different times. Youth as an age rather than a concept is a time to situate firmly the rules and expectations of consumer culture and our social world. Youth is a stage when these powerful rules and expectations are strongly dictated by communication disseminators such as advertising, music, movies, television, and magazines. These rules work through a consumerist ideology to serve corporations by producing meaning. These meanings that represent and signify youth have been engendered and mapped closely onto the understanding of the term youth. Im ages in advertisements are utilized to maintain these notions of youth. Their power is very pervasive in our increasingly visually based culture. This engendering of meaning comes at a cost to the group deemed youth themselves as well as to those attempting to achieve or maintain youth. The quest to find and capture cool is an integral part of youth subculture. Coolness is a concept that is widely accepted to mean a kind of popularity, mystique and sacredness, which inspires and motivates desire and appreciation. What is cool is evasive and elusive, both for young people and for corporations. As a subculture, youth is a site of variance. Corporations are increasingly appropriating the signifiers of cool, as produced by youth culture, to facilitate the selling of commodity goods to the masses, specifically targeting the young people with whom these meanings originated. Dick Hebdige, in his book Subculture: The Meaning of Style, discusses the origin and function of subculture as a rea ction to dominant culture with a continuing (and struggling) position as opposite and counter. Corporations are consistently attempting to bridge the gap between underground youth subculture that is creating cool, and the ever-accepting mass youth culture that is consuming cool. There is an efficient system of observing, appropriating, standardizing and commercializing youth culture to the population at large. This proficient machine seeks out marketable subcultures to establish cultural ideals and maintain them, while selling commodity goods that reflect an ideology of what youth is supposed to be and look like, as well as how the consumer is supposed to participate within this paradigm. The tenets of youth culture in terms of social exchange, economic status and individual value change quickly. With the use of cool hunting, a highly complex system of exploitative research and target marketing, corporations can closely follow these changes and capitalize on their popularity and mea ning. This system of selling culture is significant in terms of the power and potential of the media, conglomerate and corporation to exploit, co-opt and appropriate the experience and expectation of what it means to be a young person in our contemporary social world. The consequences of this selling include the corporation becoming the institution that we increasingly turn to, instead of government, to exercise power, to define our communities, to build up our economy, to identify ourselves as participants and to solve our social, environmental and personal problems. In the chapter titled Youth as an Industrial Ideal, Ewan discusses the symbolic role of youth as signifying a fresh innocence with very favorable prospects for the future (139). This view comes within the context of the development of industrialization. Ewan explores the influence of industrialization of the position of the family in society. He discusses the effects of leisure time and surplus wages on social culture, focusing in some parts on the situation of youth. With industrialization and the increase of hard factory work, youth quickly became privileged as an ideal to sustain and uphold. Work in the domestic or private sphere, deemed womens work, quickly became devalued as the necessity to earn a wage outside of the home in the public sphere increased (Ewan 119). Youth, and the ability to work the necessary long hours with maintained endurance became a central qualification for employment (Ewan 141). Young men were able to find jobs relatively easily because of their stamina a nd strength. As a result, young men commenced their participation in consumerism. Advertising played a large role in perpetuating consumption and the realization of consumer goods through the production of false needs (Ewan 139). Ewan argues that the skill shift from artisan to labourer directly reflects a shift in authority from the patriarchal family to the corporation or the advertiser (140). This shift is especially momentous in the development of consumerism. Advertising, consumer culture, and realization encouraged people to buy mass produced commodity goods, which could easily be and historically were produced within the home. With independently earned wages, young people previously expected to help with the familys daily chores and tasks necessary for survival, began to be increasingly encouraged by business to see themselves as consumers of material goods rather than as producers of such goods (Ewan 139). These social and cultural changes associated with industrialization would set the stage for future embodiments of consumer culture, particularly for you ng people. Barak Goodman and Rachel Dretzin in their Frontline program Merchants Of Cool, discuss contemporary youth culture today as a very powerful, evasive market unto themselves, demanding and being subjected to a large amount of unique advertising that attempts ever-changing approaches to specifically target and tailor market to youth. In their documentary, Goodman and Dretzin explore the complex relationship teenagers and young people have with the media they consume, and very similarly the elaborate fixation the media have with teenagers and youth. Both as the target market, as well as the signifier of youth, youth-culture is pursued aggressively. Goodman and Dretzins thesis poses that the medias power and influence utilize commodity fetishism to establish and maintain ideological notions of desire and performance, both for and of young people in order to standardize, commodify and commercialize youth culture, or the culture of cool. Goodman and Dretzin offer the notion that the media an d advertisers achieve this control by infiltrating, observing, studying and appropriating the culture of youth as it is, and then attempt to change it into what ever will sell the most commodity goods to mass market young people. As Goodman and Dretzins film suggests, commodifying goods is often done with a cross-platform in mind to sell even more commodity goods and maintain a strong level of authority. For instance, many television shows produced by the WB television network exemplify Goodman and Dretzins point. Shows such as Felicity or Dawsons Creek take advantage of their youth based audience with both subtle and overt product placements accented by youth dominated images and performances during the program. The commercials broadcast in the show often compliment the commodity goods featured in the program. At the end of the show, before the credits roll, there is a cleverly situated advertisement for all of the artists music appearing in that specific episode. Also, the soundtrack advertisement informs the viewer that all CDs may be purchased at the WB.com website. Advertising like in this campaign is multi-tasking; it is selling more than one thing at a time, touching on more than one potential sense of lack at a time. The division of age, specifically childhood, into unique and different identifying segments is a relatively new and highly effective practice. In our recent social history, it is only within the past century that businesses have placed emphasis on fragments of young life giving youth status as a separate category with names like toddler, child, tween, adolescent, teenager or young adult. Marcel Danesi, in his book, Cool: The Signs and Meanings of Adolescence cites Stanley G. Hall as emphasizing adolescence as a location of study in 1904 (3), and the 1950s as the decade the term teenager gained general currency within mainstream culture (4). The term tween is a very new concept referring to pre-teenagers. It plays on the semantics of the word between  [1]  . The tween, to advertisers, behaves unequivocally like the teen. The corporation views both the tween and the teen as sites of differentiation in terms of marketing and potentially appropriate commodity goods. Danesi explains t hat before the 1950s, the teenager didnt exist as a category unto itself. This variation in segmentation of age group can at least partially be attributed to industrialization and the influence and effect of division of time, of work, and of living into separate exclusive periods designated by the clock (Glickman 100). Stuart Ewan argues that the development and social construction of the category teenager is paralleled by a shift from familial authority to business authority and that the development of consumption is performed by segmenting life into highly specialized fragments that privilege youth and maintain spatial and social differences (140). The teenager and tween, as Goodman and Dretzin offer, occupy these same spaces, maintaining them with even more concrete rooting and even more segmentation and specialization of social, spatial, and sexual difference than when the social influence of industrialization was first encountered. By seeking new and different ways of creating target market groups to capitalize on, the corporation seeks to further fragment groups of consumers to sell to on every angle imaginable. This means that populations such as youth will be segmented into groups such as the teenager and the tween. It means that individuals will be segmented into groups such as music fan, and fashionista. Fashionista, another new addition to post-modern vocabulary, refers to an individual, usually a girl or woman who is devoted to all things fashion related. Fragmentation increases the number of people in an audience and the number of times an audience can be re-appropriated. The segmentation ensures that every individual is being sold to in more than one market, and as more than one kind of consumer. The tween is an excellent example of this, as it identifies a new market segment to create commodity goods specifically for, and to advertise to. The corporation creates these highly specialized fragmentations so that every possible avenue of commodification and commercialization are explored and exploited to sell commodity goods and to create an ideology of a good consumer. Further on Theador Adorno approaches a similar concept in music, an ideology of the ideal listener. Both Ewan and Goodman and Dretzin agree on the differentiation between the conception, approach, targeting, and advertising to girls and boys. The spatial segmentation of the sex-gender economy Ewan speaks of, instituted with the outset of advertising, is firmly upheld and perpetuated today as Goodman and Dretzin explore in their examination of youth culture. Ewan explains the industrial systems reification of separation with the establishment of the domestic sphere as private and predominantly populated by women while the working sphere as public and predominantly populated by men. Susan Porter Benson, in Gender, Generation, and Consumption in the United States sustains a similar view perpetuating the gendering of production as male and consumption as female. (226). Advertising works to establish, reify, and perpetuate ideological sexual, social and spatial differences, with industrialization putting emphasis and privilege on surplus value being productive versus use value being con sumptive. Emphasis and privilege do not reside with production to the same extent as at the outset of industrialization. In consumer culture, use value and consumption are now favored as expressions of power; emphasis and privilege are placed on the ability to obtain commodity goods demonstrative of wealth and interest. At the time of industrialization, however, the result of the industrial system reifying separations was an elevation of mens work outside the home while simultaneously devaluing womens reproductive realm in the home (Ewan 118-9). I would argue that this system of value is closely related to the social celebration of industrialization and the privileging of production, while attempting to downplay the importance of consumption. A capitalist ideology will operate most efficiently when its participants are supporting its tenets whole-heartedly. If privilege lies with production and not consumption, it can be predicted and assumed that people will want to be immersed in that realm, in production, able to manifest some of its power. Power, a patriarchal location was and is a male dominated expression. With industrialization and the recent shift in authority from familial patriarchy to the corporation, men were eager to maintain some kind of power position (Ewan 140). Consumption was new, and unfamiliar. In a patriarchal framework, anything that privileged work other than mens was avoided. Men felt emasculated enough with industrial authority becoming powerful; they did not want to sacrifice power positions otherwise. Consumption, in a capitalist ideology is therefore secondary, and delegated to those not in power, women. In a capitalist framework our social world privileges capital-producing work above all else; thus, as womens effort in the home is not capital producing, it is negated as non-work. In contemporary consumer culture, this power exchange is not the case. Consumption is paramount, for both men and women, and is a site of power. Benson also outlines the circumstance during industrial exchange in which boys were able to spend their own wages, while girls had to contribute to the patriarchal family (227-8). Differences between the sexes do not stop there. Goodman and Dretzin explain established terms for the ideological character advertisers present to young people to aspire to be and incorporate into their being. For boys, it is the mook, an irresponsible and capricious character that manifests qualities of goofiness and the pursuit of pleasure. The term to describe the girls character is midriff. It connotes a sexualized yet innocent girl who can achieve anything she wants to through her beauty. These concepts offered to young people by corporations to strive to be are inherently unattainable. Like cool, these characters are forever vague and constantly changing to maintain their inherent appeal, as well as their preferred position as something to emulate. Both the mook and midriff abstractions are highly in dividualized and segmented concepts that reify expectations of what it means to be a young and cool teenager today. These contemporary notions which aim to define youth are highly invested and pursued heavily by scores of young people. They are difficult to achieve, however. It is precisely the difficulty in manifesting these personas that makes them so perfect for an ideology of consumerism. Although young people may and will try to incorporate aspects of the mook or the midriff into their life, the mook and midriff are set up in such a way as to be impossible to acquire. The preoccupation our culture has with the importance of celebrity is an excellent example of this point. Although young boys may want to be like Fred Durst of the rock group Limp Bizkit, and young girls may want to be like Jennifer Lopez, they cannot be exactly like them. Young people are able, however, to buy the commodity goods that the celebrities endorse and therefore become some of what the mook and the midriff mean. These conceptions of youth and produced meanings are very effective in their attempt to command interpretat ion and to shape significance. It is the goal of corporations to keep this separation between the desire of mass youth culture to possess cool and the reality that cool cant be owned through possession or commodity goods, an invisible gap. It is corporations goal that consumers understand that by purchasing commodity goods, they are participating in the very system that can bestow to them a feeling of becoming what they want. Purchasing commodity goods that reflect a feeling of what they desire is the admission to being a part of it and becoming what they want. They are becoming the objects they are buying, they are becoming cool. It is then the corporations task to convince young people to believe that they are cool by buying their product. Consumption then acts like culture. It allows individuals to share a consciousness solely through acquiring by purchase. Consumption, however, is neither culture nor a community activity. It is an individualizing process masquerading as culture. As explored further on, Jean Ba udrillard, in his piece, The System of Objects, discusses how individuals realize through consumption (15). This realization then means individuals perform, for the corporation, the desired result of acquiring to cooperate in consumer culture. Because our commodities so effectively act as social communicators, status symbols and indicators of taste, there is clear motivation to consume the specific goods that convey the most appropriate and desired details of who we are and what we like. It is a representation or a perspective of our social identity, transmitted through commodity goods. This communication is performed through the acquiring of new and different commodity goods whose engendered meaning we hope to share with the world through ownership and display. This, however, puts consumers in a position of constant want and need for new objects and apparel. Colin Campbell, in his article The Desire For the New, explores concepts of desire, various kinds of new, and their relation to consumerism. Campbell describes the Veblen-Simmel model of modern consumption as a regulated and involved process of obtaining objects that communicate position, intuition and perception, as an inherent system of rapid obsolescence to maintai n superiority, and as a hierarchy of style with elite classes constantly embracing the fresh and novel (50-1). Colin Campbell examines the Veblen-Simmel trickle down nature of fashions approach to trends, as originating with high art and an aristocratic division and then being imitated and adopted by lower classes (48). Campbell, however, also writes about the limitations of the Veblin-Simmel system, and about how trends do not exclusively originate with the elite, but also from so-called lower classes (51). Campbell quotes Paul Blumberg as indicating the appropriation of underground subculture to be emulated in couture, and in turn, mainstream mass fashion (51). This appropriation is seemingly relevant to youth culture and the co-optation performed by the corporation. By utilizing cool hunting, the corporation is executing the same kind of exploitation of expression and trends of young people to sell to the mainstream that Campbell quotes Blumberg as illustrating. Campbells article investigates Veblens theory of conspicuous consumption to maintain competition through consumption of communicative commodity goods, and its design to keep participants in a pattern of procurement in order to maintain participation itself (Campbell 49). Pierre Bourdieu, in the introduction of his Distinction: A Social Critique of the Judgement of Taste, writes about cultural competency and having the appropriate knowledge to be able to understand a cultural object or practice (2). Again these authors position is consistent with the appropriation of youth culture. By employing cool hunting, corporations are able to commandeer familiar and informed signs of cool from underground youth-culture to sell back to mainstream youth in order to maintain cooperation of consumption. Part of the institution of consumption, as Campbell illustrates, is the relatively quick onset of age, worthlessness and abandonment of commodity goods (50). Campbell informs us of the ongoing desire and experience of want that disappears when possession occurs. This cycle of longing is practical for the selling of commodity goods; however, it places the consumer in a position of constantly searching for satisfaction through consumption. This structure of rapid, abrupt and swift obsolescence is not unfamiliar to a structure of cool. Both have a period of desire and emulation, and both change invariably. I would endeavor to say that the ideology of cool so suitably works with, and for, consumerism for these very reasons. There is a highly intricate network of tools in place to gauge, observe, measure and survey youth culture, getting more complex all the time. In Cool: The Signs and Meanings of Adolescence, Danesi quotes Stanley G. Hall as establishing adolescence as a unique segment to examine and study (3). In Captains of Consciousness, Ewan explains the introduction and establishment of the category teenager as being dependent on the evolution of consumerism. This development is the origin of the study of youth as a fragment as a group unto themselves. Since then, as the documentary The Merchants of Cool explores, the study of youth as a group has become highly specialized undertaking, with the bottom line being profit. Today, youth are a huge market. They have a significant disposable income of their own, and they have parents buying them additional commodity goods. The corporate gaze, the position the corporation takes and its involvement with selling to the youth market, is highly prominent and becomes a more specialized organism all the time. Cool hunting, the locating, documenting, and appropriating of underground popularity among teenagers and young people, is extremely big business as Goodman and Dretzins film illustrates. It is beneficial for corporations and advertising agencies to know and understand the youth market, so that they will be able to target them as efficiently as possible to sell the most commodity goods. Goodman and Drezin show that corporations achieve this intent by utilizing their tools, a number of investigative methods including focus groups, surveys, and market research. As The Merchants of Cool features, on behalf of corporations, marketing firms such as Cornerstone recruit strong charactered and popular young people to be representatives for them to help convince their friends to participate in purchasing their respective commodity goods. These representatives are compensated either monetarily, or with commodity goods themselves. This process, deemed under-the-radar marketing (Goodman and Dretzin) is executed on behalf of the corporation to aid in building brand loyalty among young people. The representatives are hired, at least partially, based on their ability to convey word-of-mouth advertising to a significant group of young people. This practice is capitalizing on the hope that young people will trust and believe another young person rather than the media in the expectation that more commodity goods will be consumed (Goodman and Dretzin). The youth market, a highly prized target group is idealized as a number of young people unified by their knowledge and participation in subculture. Dick Hebdige introduces the meaning of subculture as a subversive refusal and rebellion against dominant culture, having conflict contained in ideology and signification (3). Hebdige describes the site of subculture as a struggle for possession of the sign which extends to even the most mundane areas of everyday life (17). Objects, concepts, vernacular, et cetera are assigned to or take on meanings that both reflect and deny the meanings bestowed by dominant culture. For example, this process can be seen historically through the hand gesture containing two fingers held in a V; held one way the gesture is understood to mean Victory in war, while turned around, this hand gesture is seen to signify peace. As Hebdige describes, this appropriation of one kind of sign and its transformation into another oppositional sign works as a function o f underground subculture (2). Similarly, and more recently, the words cheddar, cheddah, or cheese can be used to signify the traditional understanding as a dairy product, but also these words have been appropriated to refer to money. The rap artist Jay-Z uses this signification on Vol. 3 The Life Times of S. Carter, in his song Big Pimpin. The lyrics, Big pimpin, spendin cheese, refer to the use of cheese as money. Hebdige offers the notion that this process of signification is utilized by subculture to communicate (18). In order to maintain ideology and sell commodity goods, corporations can also exercise this signification process to seek out signs apropos to young people and incorporate them in their marketing schemes and campaigns. This inclusion of signs is completed in the expectancy of attracting mass youth market. Corporations rely on the consumers ability and desire to collapse the gap between the ideal of what they want the corporation designed representation of the individual and the reality of who they are. Media images are increasingly strict in their representations of ideals of beauty, of power, of health and of cool. Judith Williamson, in her book Decoding Advertisements: Ideology and Meaning in Advertising, talks about the mirror phase in advertisements that works to show a representation of a created image and concept that the individual can both locate his or herself in, and extend that location by attempting to become through consumption, altering their appearance or identity in some fashion (60). The discontinuity between this manufactured ideal identity and the reality of day-to-day existence does exist, however difficult to identify and endure. Young people, as well as women (and more recently, men), are expected to participate within this highly regulated paradigm and positio n themselves with the created image, rather than with a more attainable reality. Advertisers aim to have consumers define their own unique identity and personality solely through consumption and the commodity goods we purchase (Baudrillard 14). It is the goal of the corporation that consumers will establish, build, and express an identity through the type of commodity goods we wear, use and consume. In consumer culture objects are used as social communicators, giving the individual an opportunity to become a part of what they desire, or in some cases as the corporation and advertisers insist, to become the thing itself. Through an ideology of competition, connotations are attached to objects, concepts are engendered to them and meaning is produced. It is advertisers aim that individuals will capitalize on these produced meanings by buying commodity goods that closely reflect what people want to express about themselves, as well as what they want to communicate to others. Jean Baudrillard explores the potential of objects as social communicators and commodity goods as a code, each with a specific connotation (23). Baudrillard offers that by picking and choosing various competing objects we place ourselves into established like categories (20). He extends that individuality, uniqueness and distinctness is not to be found in commodity goods, as advertisers would have us believe. The meaning attached to commodity goods is engendered through a process of signification; these desired meanings for commodity goods are appropriated through the use of cool hunting. Advertisers seek to capture and claim the meanings produced by youth culture for the commodity goods they produce, so as to secure the youth market for their products. It is a tight and highly engineered and maintained cycle. Advertisers will go to great lengths to find cool and employ found or produced signification to their products. In terms of meaning being engendered to objects, the effect of this can be understood through and examination of the companies Louis Vuitton and Kate Spade. Both Vuitton and Spade are fashion design houses that specialize in accessories and purses. Louis Vuitton, a well-established house that sells to wealthy and accomplished women possesses connotations of luxury, comfort and affluence. Kate Spade is a relatively new design house that sells to young, trendy women and has connotations of chic, taste and femininity. These design houses sell a very similar product; however through the signs and significations used and operated by each company, the produc t is understood very differently. Both Louis Vuitton and Kate Spade are highly invested in the connotations they exude through their products. It is not just a commodity good they are selling with the name and brand Louis Vuitton, or Kate Spade. They are also selling an identity of who and what they are, and in turn who you are for owning their merchandise. It is interesting to note that in recent seasons, Louis Vuitton has secured designer Stephen Sprouse and the use of his graffiti typeface for some of their products. This graffiti type has added a more urban and young connotation to those Vuitton products. This typeface has been appropriated by other corporations and a very similar graffiti typeface is utilized on recording artist No Doubts latest album Rock Steady, not to mention countless knock-off type products that also use the graffiti. Louis Vuitton is able to maintian a very high class identity, while adding another dynamic to their complex market. It is interesting to note the current trend of product diversification and market expansion. Martha Stewart has her mail-order company Martha By Mail, her products are available at K-Mart and she has an incredibly lucrative book series and magazine. Marthas Hampton neighbour Puff Daddy, more recently known as P Diddy, is another interesting example. P Diddy has a successful rap career; his close relationship to the late Notorious B.I.G. helped catapult his album sales and fan interest. P Diddy also has a prosperous position as a record producer. He produces many other rap, R B, and pop artists work, contributing to his growing empire. P Diddy, whose real name is Sean Combs, is also undertaking the auspicious role of fashion designer with his line of mens wear titled Sean John. Also, P Diddy has recently entered the domain of acting including a role in the 2001 film, Monsters Ball. As featured on the Bad Boy Entertainment website, P Diddy is also venturing in restaurants, and predict ably enough youth market consulting. P Diddy himself, and his conglomerate Bad Boy Entertainment, is expanding his horizons to increase profitability. Like P Diddy, Louis Vuitton and Kate Spade are expanding into other markets. Louis Vuitton, in addition to purses and luggage, is now designing and marketing shoes, and clothing. Kate Spade has expanded their catalogue to include shoes, clothing, stationary, pajamas and skin care products above and beyond purses and luggage. Stephen Sprouse, the graffiti typeface designer Vuitton has used for a number of their products, is now designing a line of clothing and accessories for the discount department store Target in the United States. Product diversification recently, it seems, is essential and obligatory to maintain a level of competition and admission to large market exposure. It appears that these corporations are attempting to saturate the markets that they are able to flourish in, in order to exploit the potential to create capital and incr